![]() |
|
Age determination using tourmaline Ar and K isotope systematics Fission track dating Pb-Pb isotopic dating Rb-Sr isotopic geochronology Sm-Nd isotopic geochronology
Crystal Chemistry
Experimental
data
Fibrous
tourmaline
Igneous rocks
Isotopes
Metamorphic rocks
Ore deposits
Physical
properties
Sediments and
Sedimentary rocks
Spectroscopy
and microscopy |
Tourmaline spectroscopy and microscopy last update: 04/17/06 Blanco, M. (1989) Espectros de infrarrojo en turmalinas. Infrared spectra of tourmaline. Acta Geologica Hispanica. 23. (4). p. 283-290. Castaneda, C., Oliviera, E. F., Gomes, N. and Soares, A. C. P. (2000) Infrared study of OH sites in tourmaline from the elbaite-schorl series. American Mineralogist, 85, 1503-1507. Dambly, M., Pollak, H., Quartier, R. and Bruyneel, W. (1976) IR-irradiation enhanced effects in tourmaline. Journal de Physique, Colloque (Paris), 6, 807-810. Gonzalez-Carreno, Fernandez, M. and Sanz, J. (1988) Infrared and electron microprobe analysis of tourmalines. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 15, 452-460. Hunt, G. R., Salisbury, J. W., and Lenhoff, C. J. (1973) Visible and near infrared spectra of minerals and rocks: VI. Additional silicates. Modern Geology, 4, 85-106. Marler, B. and Ertl, A. (2002) Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic study of excess-boron olenite from Koralpe, Styria, Austria. American Mineralogist, 87, 364-367. Mashkovtsev, R. I., Lebedev, A. S. and Kargal'tsev, S. V. (1989) IR spectroscopy of synthetic tourmalines in the region of valent oscillations of hydroxyl groups. Soviet Geology and Geophysics. 30. (11). p. 57-61. Mashkovtsev, R. I. and Lebedev, A. 5. (1991) IR-spectroscopy of OH-groups in tourmalines. Soviet Geology and Geophysics, 32, 80-84. Moenke, H. H. W. (1974) Silica, the three-dimensional silicates, borosilicates, and beryllium silicates. In The Infrared Spectra of Minerals, Mineralogical Society of America Monograph, 4, 365-383. Omori, K. (1961) Infrared absorption spectra of some essential minerals. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, ser. 3, 7, 101-130. Plyusnina, I.I. and Voskresenskaya, I.E. (1974) A more exact defmition of certain structure positions in tourmaline through infrared spectroscopy. Moscow Universitete Vestnik Senia, 29, 38-42. Plyusnina, I.I., Granadchikova, B. G. and Voskresenskaya, I.E. (1969) An infra-red spectroscopic study of tourmalines. Soviet Physics and Crystallography, 14, 370-375. Robert, J. L. and Gourdant, J. P. (1999) Tentative interpretation of the FTIR absorption spectrum of tourmalines in the 1400-400 cm-1 range. 2nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts. Simon, Henry Francis (1973) Near-infrared and Mossbauer study of cation site occupancies in tourmalines. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Master's. 67 p. Coy, Y. R., Calderon, T., and Aguilar, M. (1986) Luminescence in tourmaline. IMA Abstracts with program 1986. p.82. Donnay, G., Sentfle, F. E., Thorpe, A. and White, S. (1967) Magnetic properties of tourmalines. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook, 65, 295-299. Leela, M. (1954) Crystal Magnetism of Tourmaline. Journal of Mysore University (India). 14b, 155-156. Novozhilov, A. I., Voskresenskaya, I.E. and Samilovich, M. I. (1969) Electron paramagnetic resonance study of tourmalines. Soviet Physics and Crystallography, 14, 416-418. Sigmony, A. (1944) Magnetic properties of tourmaline and epidote. Indian Academy of Science Proceedings, 20A, 200-203. Tsang, T., Thorpe, A. N., Donnay, C. and Sentfle, F. E. (1971) Magnetic susceptibility and triangular exchange coupling in the tourmaline mineral group. Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 32, 1441-1448. Alvarez, M. A., Tornero, J., Vara, J. M. and Coy-yll, R. (1975) Espectroscopia Mössbauer de variedades de turmalina. Anales de Quimica, 71, 498-502. Belov, V. F., Kuz'min, V.1., Khimich, T. A., Dobrovol'skaya, I. V. and Shipko, M. N. (1973) Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron-rich tourmaline. DokI. Acad. Nauk SSSR, 209, (Earth Science section), 110-112. Blundari, S.S. and Varmi, J. (1975) Mössbauer studies of natural tourmaline. Nuclear Physics and Solid State Physics Symposium, Proceedings, 18C, 552. Burns, R. G. (1972) Mixed valences and site occupancies of iron in silicate minerals from Mössbauer spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Spectroscopy, 17, 51-59. Da Costa, G. M., Casteneda, C., Gomes, N. S., Pedrosa-Soares, N. S. and Santana, C. M. (1997) On the analysis of the Mossbauer spectra of tourmalines. Hyperfines Interactions, 2, 29-34. Da Costa, G. M., Casteneda, C., Eckhout, S. G., De Grave, E. and Gomes, N. S. (1998) The temperature dependance of the hyperfine parameters of tourmalines. Hyperfines Interactions, 3, 344-347. Ferrow, E. A. (1994) Mössbauer effect study of the crystal chemistry of tourmaline. Hyperfine Interactions, 9, 689-695. Ferrow, E. A., Annersten, H. and Gunawardane, R. P. (1988) Mössbauer effect study on the mixed valence state of iron in tourmaline. Mineralogical Magazine, 52, 221-228. Fuchs, Y. and Lagache, M. (1999) Experimentally induced variations of Fe valency in synthetic and natural tourmalines. 2nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts. Fuchs, Y., Lagache, M. and Linares, G. (1994) Changes in iron oxidation state and deprotonation induced by annealing of natural tourmalines. International Mineralogical Association Meeting Abstracts, 16, 129. Fuchs, Y., Lagache, M. and Linares, G. (1998) Fe-tourmaline synthesis under T and f(02) conditions. American Mineralogist, 83, 525-534. Fuchs, Y., Lagache, M., Linares, G., Maury, R. and Varret (1995) Mössbauer and optical spectrometry of selected schorl-dravite tourmalines. Hyperfine Interactions, 96, 245-258. Gorelikova, N. V., Perfil'yev, Yu. D. and Bubeshkin, A. M. (1978) Mössbauer data on distribution of Fe ions in tourmaline. International Geology Review, 20, 982-990. Hermon, E., Sankin, D. J., Donnay, G. and Muir, W. B. (1973) the distribution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in iron-bearing tourmalines: a Mössbauer study. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittelungen, 19, 124-132. Korovushkin, V. V., Kuzmin, V.1. and Belov, V. F. (1979) Mössbauer studies of structural features in tourmaline of various genesis. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 4, 209-220. Korzhinskii, A. F. (1958) Thermooptical studies of epidote group minerals and some tourmalines. Trudy Soveshchaniya PO Eksperimental'noi i Teklinicheskoi Mineralogii i Petrografli, 5th (Leningrad), 1956, pp.97-113. (Russian) Kraczka, J., Pieczka, A., Hrynkiewicz, A. Z. and Zabinski, W. (1986) Mössbauer study of tourmalines. Hyperfine Interactions, 29, 1121-1124. Lagache, M., Fuchs, Y. and Linares, G. (1994) Mössbauer effect studies of synthetic tourmaline. International Mineralogical Association Meeting Abstracts, 16, 231. Marfunin, A. S., Mkrtchyan, A. R., Nadzharyan, G. N., Nynsslk, Ya. M., and Platonov, A. N. (1970) Optical and Mössbauer spectra of iron in tourmalines. Izvestiya Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya. 2, 146-150. (Russian) Maury, R. and Fuchs, Y. (1991) Tourmalines structural refinement based on Mössbauer spectrometry. EUG Terra Abstracts, 3. Maury, R., Fuchs, Y., Varet, F. and Linares, J. (199?) Mössbauer and optical spectrometry of some tourmalines. Journal (unknown). Pieczka, A. and Kraczka, J. (1994) X-ray and Mössbauer investigations of tourmaline from Tatra Mts. Mineralogia Polonica, 25, 63-72. Pieczka, A., Kraczka, J. and Zabinski, W. (1998) Mossbauer spectra of Fe3+-poor schorls: reinterpretation on the basis of the ordered structure model. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 43/1-2, 69-74. Saegusa, N., Price, D. C. and Smith, G. (1979) Analysis of the Mössbauer spectra of several iron-rich tourmalines (schorls). Journal of Physics (Paris), 40, C2, 456-459. Scorzelli, R. B., Baggin-Saitovitch, E. and Danon, J. (1976) Mössbauer spectra and electron exchange in tourmaline and staurolite. Journal de Physique Paris), Colloque C6, 6, 801-805. Slawson, C. B. and Thibault, N. W. (1939) Quantitative measurement of dichroism in tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 24, 492. Varma, H. V. (1991) Thermal oxidation of natural tourmaline using Mössbauer effect. Indian Journal of Physics, 65A, 293-299. Zheludev, I.S. and Belov, V. F. (1967) The Mössbauer effect in tourmaline and Ba Ti0.75 Sn025 03 solid solution. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 31, 1134- 1136. Bray, P. J., Edwards, J. 0., O'Keefe, J. G., Ross, V. E. and Tatsuzaki, I. (1961) Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of B11 in crystalline borates. Journal of Chemical Physics, 35, 432-442. Dewar, M. J. S. and Jones, R. (1967) New heteroaromatic compounds. XXV. Studies of salt formation in boron oxyacids by 11B nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 89,2408-2410. Marler, B. and Ertl, A. (2002) Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic study of excess-boron olenite from Koralpe, Styria, Austria. American Mineralogist, 87, 364-367. Tsang, T. and Ghose, S. (1973) Nuclear magnetic resonance of 1H, 7Li, 11B, 23Na and 27A1 in tourmaline (elbaite). American Mineralogist, 58, 224-229. Turner, G. L., Smith, K. A., Kirkpatrick, R. J. and Oldfield, E. (1986) Boron-11 nuclear magnetic resonance study of borate and borosilicate minerals and a borosilicate glass. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 67, 544-550. Marcos, C., Blano, M. and Valin, M. L. (1985) Reflectancias en tres membras de las series de las turmalinas. Translated title: Reflectances of three members of the tourmaline series. Trabajos de Geologia Universidad de Oviedo. 15. p.275-284. Optical spectroscopy and color Bakhtin, A. I., Minko, 0. Ye. and Vikonurov, V. M. (1975) Isomorphism and colour of tourmaline. Izvetiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologiskaya, 6, 73-83. Bank, F. H., Bank, H. and Henn, U. (1994) On the colour of tourmalines from Mozambique - Their causes and alterations. International Mineralogical Association Abstracts, 16th General Meeting, 28. Bank, H. and Henn, V. (1988) Colour-changing chromiferous tourmalines from East Africa. Journal of Gemmology, 21, 102-103. Bershov, L. V., Martirosyan, V O., Marfunin, A. S., Platanov, A. N. and Tarashchan, A. N. (1968) Color centers in lithium tourmaline (elbaite). Soviet Physics and Crystallography, 13, 629-630. Blanco, M. (1989) Estudo de elbaitas espectroscopia de infrarrojo. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 24, 15-19. Blanco, M. (1988) Espectros de infrarrojo en tourmalinas. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 23, 283-290. Bradley, J. E. S. and Bradley, O. (1952) Observations on the colouring of pink and green zoned tourmaline. Mineralogical Magazine, 30, 26-38. Carobbi, G. and Pieruccini, R. (1947) Spectrographic analysis of tourmalines from the Island of Elba with correlation of color and composition. American Mineralogist, 32, 121 - 131. De Camargo, M. B. and Isotani, S. (1988) Optical absorption spectroscopy of natural and irradiated pink tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 73, 172-180. Ertl, A., Hughes, J. M., Prowatke, S., Rossman, G. R., London, D. and Fritz, E. A. (2003) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 88, 1379-1376. Faye, G. H., Manning, P. G., Gosselin, J. R. and Tremblay, R. J. (1974) The optical absorption spectra of tourmaline: Importance of charge transfer processes. Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 370-380. Faye, G. H., Manning, P. G. and Nickel, E. H. (1968) The polarized optical absorption spectra of tourmaline, cordierite, chloritoid and vivianite: Ferrous-ferric electronic interaction as a source of pleochroism. American Mineralogist, 53, 1174-1201. Foord, E. N. and Mills, B. A. (1978) Biaxiality in 'isometric' and 'dimetric' crystals. American Mineralogist, 63, 316-325. Fritsch, E. and Rossman, G. R. (1987) An update on color in gems. Part I: Introduction and color caused by dispersed metal ions. Gems and Gemology, 23, 126-139. Henn, U. and Bank, H. (1990) On the colour and pleochroism of Cu-bearing green and blue tourmalines from Paraiba, Brazil. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 1990, 280-288. Henn, U. and Bank, H. (1991) Unusually dark red tourmaline of the dravite-schorl series. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 1991, 408-412. Leckebusch, R. (1978) Chemical composition and colour of tourmalines from Darre Pech (Nuristan, Afghanistan). Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 133, 53-70. Manning, P. G. (1968) An optical absorption study of the origin of colour and pleochroism in pink and brown tourmalines. Canadian Mineralogist, 9, 678-690. Manning, P. G. (1969) Optical absorption spectra of chromium-bearing tourmaline, black tourmaline, and buergerite. Canadian Mineralogist, 10, 57-70. Manning, P. G. (1973) Effect of second-nearest-neighbour interaction of Mn3+ absorption in pink and black tourmalines. Canadian Mineralogist, 11, 971-977. Marfunin, A. C., Mkrtchyan, A. R., Nadzharyan, G. N., Nyussik, Ya. M. and Platonov, A. N. (1970) Optical and Mössbauer spectra of iron in tourmalines. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., 2, 146-150. Mateos, J. P. (1944) El color en la tourmaline. Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana~ Notas y comunicaciones. 13, 217-287. Mattson, S. M. and Rossman, G. R. (1984) Ferric iron in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 11, 225-234. Mattson, S. M. and Rossman, G. R. (1987) Fe2+ - Fe3+ interactions in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 14, 163-171. McCurry, P. (1971) The relationship between optical properties and occurrence of some tourmalines from northern Nigeria. Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 369-373. Mitchell, R. K. (1967) Refraction anomalies in tourmaline. Journal of Gemmology. 10, 194. Mitchell, R. K. (1976) R. I. anomalies in tourmaline and a strange zircon. Journal of Gemmology. 15, 17-18. Nassau, K. (1974) The effect of gamma rays on tourmaline, greenish-yellow quartz, pearls, kunzite, and jade. Lapidary Journal, 28, 1064-1084. Nassau, K. (1975) Gamma ray irradiation induced changes in the color of tourmalines. American Mineralogist, 60, 710-713. Nassau, (1984) Gemstone enhancement. Butterworth Scientific, London. Nassau, K. and Schonhorn, H. (1978) The contact angle of water on gems. Gems & Gemology, winter 1977-1978. pp.354-360. Petrov, I. (1990) Role of natural radiation in tourmaline coloration: Discussion. American Mineralogist, 75, 237-239. Pinet, M. (1971) Mesure des indices de refraction d'une tourmaline verte et dune tourmaline bleue du Bresil entre 420 et 640 mu. Comptes Rendus du Congres National des Societes Savantes, Section des Sciences (Paris) 93, 131-138. Pough, F. H. and Rogers, T. H. (1947) Experiments in X-ray irradiation of gem stones. American Mineralogist, 32, 31-43. Prescott, B. E. and Nassau, K. (1978) Black elbaite from Corrego do Urucum, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine, 42, 357-359. Reddy, L., Jacob, A. S. and Reddy, B. J. (1987) Optical absorption spectrum of Ti3+ and Fe2+ in uvite. Indian Gemmologist, 1, 19-21. Reinitz, I. M. and Rossman, G. R. (1988) Role of natural radiation in tourmaline coloration. American Mineralogist, 73, 822-825. Rossman, G. R. (1982) Origin of color in pegmatite minerals, in The mineralogy of pegmatites, G.E. Brown, Jr. ed. American Mineralogist, 67, 189. Rossman, G. R., Fritsch, E. and Shigley, J. E. (1991) Origin of color in cuprian elbaite from Sao Jose de Batalha, Paraiba, Brazil. American Mineralogist, 76, 1479-1484. Rossman, G. R. and Mattson, S. M. (1986) Yellow, Mn-rich elbaite with Mn-Ti intervalence charge transfer. American Mineralogist, 71, 599-602. Schiffmann, C. (1972) Tourmaline. Rare multiple indices on the refractometer. Journal of Gemmology, 13, 125-132. Schiffmann, C. (1975) Tourmalines. Multiple indices on the refractometer; a further note. Journal of Gemmology, 14, 324-329. Slawson, C. B. and Thibault, N. W. (1939) Quantitative measurement of dichroism in tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 24, 492-498. Smith, G. (1978) A reassessment of the role of iron in the 5,000 - 30,000 cm-l region of the electronic absorption spectra of tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 3, 343-373. Taran, M. N. and Lebedev, A. S. (1990) Optical absorption spectra of synthetic tourmalines. International Mineralogical Association Abstracts with Program, 457-458. Taran, M. N. and Rossman, G. R. (2002) High-temperature, high-pressure optical spectroscopic study of ferric-iron-bearing tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 87, 1148-1153. Taran, M. N., Lebedev, A. S. and Platonov, A.N. (1990) Optico-spectroscopic study of synthetic iron-containing tourmalines. Inorganic Materials, 26, 863-867. Townsend, M. G. (1970) On the dichroism of tourmaline. Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 31, 2481-2488. Vedeneeva, N.E. and Grum-Grzhimailo, S. V. (1948) Thermal discoloration of red tourmaline. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 4, 215-. Vierne, R. and Brunel, R. (1970) Spectre de reflexion infra-rouge de la tourmaline. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) 270, 488-490. Voskresenskaya, I.E. and Grum-Grzhimailo, S. V. (1967) Color of synthetic tourmaline crystals containing iron. Soviet Physics and Crystallography, 12,311-312. Wagner, C. E., Pollard, C. O., Young, R. A. and Donnay, G. (1971) Texture variations in color-zoned tourmaline crystals. American Mineralogist, 56, 114-132. Warner. T. W., Jr. (1935) Spectroscopic analysis of tourmalines with correlation of color and composition. American Mineralogist, 20, 531-536. Wilkins, R. W. T., Farrell, E. F. and Naiman, C. 5. (1969) The crystal field spectra and dichroism of tourmaline. Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 30, 43-56. Alvarez, M. A. and Coy-Yll, R. (1978) Raman spectra of tourmaline. Spectrochimica Acta, 34A, 899-908. Gasharova, B., Mihailova, B. and Konstantinov, L. (1997) Raman spectra on various types of tourmaline. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9, 935-940. Griffith, W. P. (1970) Raman studies on rock-forming minerals. Part I. Orthosilicates and cyclosilicates. Journal of the Chemical Society (A) (London), pp.1372-1377. Hibben, J. H. (1939) The Raman Effect and its Chemical Applications. Reinhold, New York. Mihailova, B., Gasharova, B. and Konstantinov, L. (1996) Influence of non-tetrahedral cations in Si-O vibrations in complex silicates. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 27, 829-833. Henderson, C. M. B., Cressey, G. and Redfern, S. A. T. (1995) Geological Application of synchrotron radiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 45,459-481. Calderon, T. (1987) Factores que afectan Ia termoluminiscencia en turmalinas: Elbaita. Boletin de Ia Sociedad Espanola de Mineralogia, 10(2), pp. 191 - 197. Stewart, B. (1859) On the nature of the light emitted by heated tourmaline. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 10, 503-505. Transmission electron microscopy Ahn, J. H. and Buseck, P.R. (1998) Transmission electron microscopy of muscovite alteration of tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 83, 535-541. Barnes, W. H. (1950) An electron-microscope examination of synthetic tourmaline crystals. American Mineralogist, 35, 407-411. Ferrow, E. (1989) Electron induced cation ordering in tourmalines. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 21, A43. Ferrow, E. (1993) The structure of tourmaline: an image simulation study. Scandinavian Society for Electron Microscopy, 45th annual meeting extended abstracts, 85-86. Ferrow, E. Computer-simulated high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in tourmaline. Journal of Microscopy, 177, 68-77. Ferrow, E. A., Wallenberg, L. R. and Skoghy, H. (1993) Compositional control of plane group symmetry in tourmalines: an experimental and computer simulated TEM, crystallographic image processing and Mossbauer spectroscopy study. European Journal of Mineralogy, 5, 479-492. Iijima, S., Cowley, J. M. and Donnay, G. (1973) High resolution electron microscopy of tourmaline crystals. Tschennaks Mm. Petr. Mitt., 20,216-224. |
|
This page was last updated on 04/17/06. |
|
|
|
|