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Crystal Chemistry
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Major element chemistry
Trace element chemistry
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Crystallography

Experimental data
Stability relations
Synthesis

Fault zones and kinematics

Fibrous tourmaline
Crystal chemistry
Morphology

Fluid/mineral inclusions

Gemstones

Health effects

Igneous rocks
Anorthosites
Granitoids
     Tourmaline granitoids
     Granitoid pegmatites
Greisens/Hydrothermal settings
Mafic plutonics
Tektites
Ultramafics/kimberlites
Volcanic rocks

Isotopes
B isotopes
H and O isotopes
Si isotopes
Sr isotopes

Metamorphic rocks
Amphibolites
Blueschists
Calcareous metasediments
Cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks
Eclogites
Felsic Gneisses
Granulites/Charnockites
     Metapelitic paragneiss
     Pegmatites (abyssal class)
Greenstones
Meta-arkoses
Meta-evaporites
Meta-ironstones
Metapelites/metaquartzites
Meta-ultramafics
Migmatites
Quartz veins
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Ore deposits
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Uranium deposits

Physical properties
Chatoyance/asterism
Density
Elastic constants
Electrical properties
Fracture
Hardness
Luminescence
Morphology
Surface properties
Thermal properties

Sediments and Sedimentary rocks
Detrital tourmaline
Diagenetic tourmaline
Evaporites
Weathering of tourmaline

Spectroscopy and microscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Luminescence
Magnetic properties
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Optical reflectivity
Optical spectroscopy and color
Raman spectroscopy
Synchrotron radiation
Thermoluminescence
TEM

Thermochemical data

Tourmaline breccias

Tourmalinites
Metapelites

Tourmaline in sediments and sedimentary rocks

last update: 04/17/06

Adams, J. E. and Mateiski, R. K. (1955) Distribution of heavy minerals and soil development in Scott silt loam. Soil Science, 79, 59-69.

Allen, P. (1972) Wealdon detrital tourmaline: implications for northwestern Europe. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 128, 273-288.

Allen, P. (1991) Provenance research; Torridonian and Wealden. Morton, Andrew C., Todd, S. P., Haughton, P. D. W. Developments in sedimentary provenance studies. Br. Geol. Surv., Keyworth, United-Kingdom. Geological Society Special Publications. 57. p. 13-21.

Allen, P., Sutton, J. and Watson, J. V. (1974) Torridonian tourmaline-quartz pebbles and the Precambrian crust northwest of Britain. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 130, 85-91.

Americh, B. S. (1994) Heavy and clay minerals as tools in solving stratigraphic problems: A case study from the Disi Sandstone (Early Ordivician) and the Kurnub Sandstone (Early Cretaceous) of Jordan. Neus Jahrbuch fur Geologie and Palaontologie, Mh., 1994, 205-222.

Anani, C. (1999) Sandstone petrology and provenance of the Neoproterozoic Voltaian group in the southeastern Voltaian Basin, Ghana. Sedimentary Geology, 128, 83-98.

Aubrecht, R. and Kristin, J. (1995) Provenance of detrital tourmaline in the Lower Jurassic of the Male Karpaty Mtns. Mineralia Slovaca, 27, 37-44

Barman, A. K., Varadachari, C. and Ghosh, K. (1994) Weathering of silicate minerals by organic acids; I. Nature of solubilization. Geoderma, 53, 45-63.

Bames, V. E. and Underwood, J. R. (1976) New investigations of the strewn field of Libyan desert glass and its petrography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 30, 117-122.

Barth, T. F. W. (1936) Structural and petrologic studies in Dutchess County, New York: Pt. 2. Petrology and metamorphism of the Paleozoic rocks. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 47, 775-850.

Blatt, H. and Sutherland, B. (1969) Intrastratal solution and non-opaque heavy minerals in shales. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 39, 591-600.

Corteel, C. & De Paepe, P. (2003). Boron metasomatism in the Brabant Massif  (Belgium): Geochemical and petrographical evidence of Devonian tourmalinite pebbles. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences / Geologie en Mijnbouw, 82: 197-208.

Costa, M. L. and Araujo, E. S. (1996) Application of multi-element geochemistry in Au-phosphate-bearing lateritic crusts form identification of their parent rocks. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 57, 257-272.

Crampton, C. B. (1958) Heavy minerals in the Permian magnesian limestone of Yorkshire. Yorkshire Geological Society Proceedings, 31, 383-390.

Cuppe Is, N. P. and White, A. M. (1973) The drainage basins of the fluvial monazite deposits in Enoree, Tygee and Pacolet rivers, South Carolina. South Carolina Division of Geology, Mineral Resources Series 1.

Drummond, S. E. and Stow, S. H. (1979) Hydraulic differentiation of heavy minerals, offshore Alabama and Mississippi. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Part 11., 90, 1429-1457.

Dydak, S. M. (1991) The hydraulic sorting of light and heavy minerals, heavy-mineral concentrations and grain size. MS thesis, College of William and Mary, 90p.

Fipke, C. E. (1991) Significance of chromite, G5 Mg-almandine garnet, zircon and tourmaline in heavy mineral detection of diamond bearing lamproite. Proceedings of the International Kimberlite Conference, 5, 97-100.

Folk, R. L. (1960) Petrography and origin of the Tuscarora, Rose Hill, and Keefer Formations, Lower and Middle Silurian of eastern West Virginia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 30, 1-58.

Gault, H. R. (1939) The heavy minerals of the Mansfield sandstone of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Science Proceedings. (1938) 48, 129-136.

Henry, D. J. and Dutrow, B. L. (1992) Tourmaline in a low grade clastic metasedimentary rocks: an example of the petrogenetic potential of tourmaline: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 112, 203-218.

Houser, B. B. (1979) The ratio of zircon to tourmaline: an indication of the relative age of alluvial deposits in SW Virginia (abst.). Geological Society of America Abstract volume 11(4), 183.

Hubert, J. F. (1962) A zircon-tourmaline-rutile maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy mineral assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 32, 440-450.

Jiang, S. Y., Yang, J. H. and Palmer, M. R. (1999) Chemical compositions of tourmaline from the Inch Conglomerate Formation, Dingle Peninsula, SW Ireland and their implications in provenance analysis. Chemie der Erde, 59, 123-133.

Khan, D. H. (1960) Examination of the sedimentary nature of some soil profiles on limestones by using the tourmaline:zircon ratio as an index. Pakistan Journal of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, 3, 8-13.

Krynine, P. D. (1940) Paleozoic heavy minerals from central Pennsylvania and their relation to Appalachian structure. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 14, 60-64.

Krynine, P. D. (1946) The tourmaline group in sediments. Journal of Geology, 54, 65-87.

Kwon, Y. I. (in review) Radiogenic heavy minerals and organic matters effect on radioactivity. Journal of Sedimentary Research.

Lihou, J. C. and Mange-Rajetzky, M. A. (1996) Provenance of the Sardona Flysch, eastern Swiss Alps: example of high-resolution heavy mineral analysis applied to an ultrastable assemblage. Sedimentary Geology, 105, 141-157.

Morton, A. C. (1985) Heavy minerals in provenance studies. In Zuffa, G. G. (editor) Provenance of Arenites, NATO ASI Series: D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston, 249-277.

Morton, A. C. (1991) Geochemical studies of detrital heavy minerals and their applications to provenance research. In Morton, A. C., Todd, S. P. and Haughton, P. D. W. (editors) Developments in Sedimentary Provenance Studies, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 57, 31-45.

Morton, A. C., Davies, J. R. and Waters, R. A. (1994) Heavy minerals as a guide to turbidite provenance in the lower Paleozoic southern Welsh Basin – a pilot study. Geological Magazine, 129, 573-580

Morton, A. C. and Hallsworth, C. (1994) Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones. Sedimentary Geology, 90, 241-256.

Morton, A. C. and Johnsson, M. J. (1993) Factors influencing the composition of detrital heavy minerals suites in Holocene sands of the Apure River drainage basin, Venezuela. in Johnsson, M J. and Basu, A. (editors) Processes Controlling the Composition of Clastic Sediments, Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, 284, 171-185.

Muir, R. O. (1963) Petrography and provenance of the Millstone Grit of central Scotland. Edinburgh Geological Society Transactions. 19, 439-485.

O'Connor, J. T. (1989) Tourmaline compositions from lower Pennsylvanian sandstones in the Appalachian Basin - Source terrane implications. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 21, A349.

Pettijohn, Potter and Siever (1973) Sand and Sandstones. New York, Springer-Verlag.

Robinson, Gene D. (1989) Stream sediment tourmaline geochemistry in massive sulfide exploration; an example from Virginia, U.S.A. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 34. (2). p.173-188.

Robinson, G. D., Healey, K. and Kelly, V. C. (1988) Use of tourmaline in stream sediments to detect submarine exhalative sulphide deposits: example from central Virginia, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 3, 225-230.

Sato, Y. (1969) Geological significance of zircon-garnet-tourmaline ratio of the Paleogene sandstones in northwestern Kynshu, Japan. Chishitsu Chosajo Hokoku, 235, 1-45.

Smale, D. and Horton, A. C. (1987) Heavy mineral suites of core samples from the McKee formation (Eocene-Lower Oligocene), Taranaki: Implications for provenance and diagenesis. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 30, 299-306.

Steidtmann, J. R. and Hatwood, H. C. (1982) Settling velocities of quartz and tourmaline in eolian sandstone strata. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 52, 395-399.

Thiel, G. A. (1941) The relative resistance to abrasion of mineral grains of sand size. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 10, 103-124.

Tuttle, O. F. (1940) Heavy minerals of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in central Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences, 14, 55-59.

Varadachari, C., Barman, A. K. and Ghosh, K. (1994) Weathering of silicate minerals by organic acids; II. Nature of residual products. Geoderma, 61,251-268.

von Eynatten, H. and Gaupp, R. (1997) Provenance of Cretaceous synorogenic sandstones in the eastern Alps: constraints from framework petrography, heavy mineral analysis and mineral chemistry. Sedimentary Geology, 124, 81-111.

Willner, A. P. (1987) Detrital tourmalines as indicators for the source rocks of Late PreCambrian - Lower Cambrian greywackes (Puncoviscana Formation) in NW Argentina. Zbl. Geol. Palaont., 1987, 885-891

Willner, A. P., Ermolaeva, T., Stroink, L., Glasmacher, U.A., Giese, U., Puchkov, V.N., Kozlov, V.I.  (2001) Contrasting provenance signals in Riphean and Vendian sandstones in the SW Urals (Russia); constraints for a change from passive to active continental margin conditions in the Neoproterozoic. Precambrian Research, 110, 215-239.

Yu, K., Lee, G. and Boggs, S., Jr. (1997) Petrology of late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic Pyeongan Group sandstones, Gohan area, South Korea and its provenance and tectonic implications. Sedimentary Geology, 109, 321-338.

Alty, S. W. (1933) Some properties of authigenic tourmaline from Lower Devonian sediments. American Mineralogist, 18,351-355.

Andrews-Speed, C. P. (1986) The role of silica and iron oxide mobility in the formation of gold-bearing fluvial sediments in the Proterozoic Mporokoso Basin, northern Zambia. Geological Magazine, 123, 143-152.

Awasthi, N. (1961) Authigenic tourmaline and zircon in the Vidhyan formations of Sone Valley, Mirzapur district, U. P., India. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 31, 482-484.

Brockamp, O. (1973) Borfixierung in authigenen und detritishen Tonen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37,1339-1351.

Chatterjee, S. R., Sen Gupta, D. K. and Bagchi, T. C. (1975) Authigenic tourmaline in the PreCambrian metasediments around Jamua, District Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. Sedimentary Geology, 13, 153-156.

Derby, O. A. (1898) On the accessory elements of the itacolumite, and the secondary enlargement of tourmaline. American Journal of Science, 5, 197-192.

Deverin, L. (1934) Sur Ia turmaline authigene dans les roches sedimentaires. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 14, 528-529.

Ferguson, L. K., Fallick, A. E. and Allison, I. (1998) Tourmaline in a sub-Cambrian paleosol on the Proterozoic Lewisian rocks of NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, 155, 725.

Gautier, D. L. (1979) Preliminary report of authigenic, euhedral tourmaline crystals in a productive gas reservoir of the Tiger Ridge Field, north-central Montana. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 911-916.

Gokhale, K. V. G. K. and Bagchi, T. C. (1959) Authigenic tourmaline in the Banganapally State (Kurnool system), India. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 29, 468-469.

Govinda Rajulu B. V. and Nagaraja, H. R. (1969) Authigenic tourmalines from the lower Kaladgi Sandstones, Jarnkhandi, Mysore State. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 39, 391-394.

Govinda, Rajulu B. V. and Satish, P. N. (1969) Occurrence of authigenic tourmalines in the lower Kaladgi quartzitic sandstones of Saundatti, Mysore State. National Institute of Science of India Proceedings, Part A, 35, 675-683

Gundu Rao, C. (1952) Authigenic tourmaline from Sathyavedu Stage (Upper Gondwanas) near Madras. Current Science (India), 21, 336.

Hancock, N.J. (1978) Possible causes of Rotliegend sandstone diagenesis in northern West Germany. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 135, 35-40.

Heald, M. T. (1955) Stylolites in sandstones. Journal of Geology, 63, 101-114.

Henry, D. J., Lu, G. and McCabe, C. (1993) Authigenic tourmaline growth in sedimentary ironstones: an example from the Silurian Rose Hill Formation, Virginia. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v.74, p.168.

Henry, D. J., Lu, G. and McCabe, C. (1994) Epigenetic tourmaline in sedimentary red-beds: an example from the Silurian Rose Hill Formation, Virginia. Canadian Mineralogist, 32, 599-605.

Isakdzhanov, B. I. and Mukhamedzhanov, S. R. (1965) A fmd of authigenic tourmaline in lower Carboniferous carbonate rocks of Chatkal, An UzbSSSR Doklady, No.1.

Keighin, C. W., Zech, R. S. and Dunbar, R. W. (1993) The Point Lookout Sandstone: a tale of two cores, or petrology, diagenesis, and reservoir properties of Point Lookout Sandstone, southern Ute Indian Reservation, San Juan Basin, Colorado. The Mountain Geologist, 30, 4-16.

Kulke, H. (1977) Diagenese und beginnende Metamorphose unter hochsalinaren Bedingungen (am Beispiel der NW-afrikanischen Trias). Fortshritte der Mineralogie, 55, beiheft 1, 79-81.

Lory, C. (1887) Sur la presence de cristaux microscopiques dulbite, dans diverses roches calcaires des Alpes occidentales. Comptes Rendus de lAcademie des Sciences Paris, 105,99-101.

Mader, D. (1978) Turmalinauthegenese im Buntsandstein von Oberbettingen (Westeifel). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshafie, 1978, 233-240.

Mader, D. (1980) Turmalinauthegenese in Brockelbanken aus dem Oberen Bundsandstein der nordlichen Trierer Bucht (Westeifel). Der Aufschluss, 31, 249-256.

Maritrosyan, R. A. (1962) The Kedabelk secondary quartzites containing colloform tourmaline. Uchenye Zapiski Baku. Azerbaidzhanskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet. Senia Geologo-Geograficheskikh. 1,25-35. (Russian)

Milton, C. (1971) Authigenic minerals of the Green River Formation. Wyoming University Contributions to Geology, 10, 57-63.

Nemec, D. (1954) Jednosmerny polarni rust krystalu turmalinu (The unipolar growth of tourmaline crystals). Spisy Vydavane Prirodovedeckou Fakulton Massarykovy University. no.359. (French summary)

Novoselova, L. N. and Soseuko, T. A. (1991) Authigenic tourmaline from carbonate rocks of Batenevsky ridge, Altai-Sayan folded region. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, 120, 79-83. [abstract obtained from Chem Absts., 116, 225]

O'Connor, J. T. (1990) Boron-, Alkali-, and Fluorine-deficient diagenetic tourmaline from Ordovician arenites in central Virginia. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 22, 159.

O'Connor, J. T. (in preparation) Epigenetic tourmaline from the Tuscarora Formation in central Virginia.

Karhu, J. and O'Brien, H. (1992) Microfossil-like tourmaline microlites in early Proterozoic Nodular chert at Kiihtelysvaara, eastern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 64, 113-118.

Ricketts, B. D. (1978) Authigenic tourmaline from the middle PreCambrian Belcher Group, Northwest Territories, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 26, 543- 550.

Sirotin, V.1. (1966) Tourmaline in the laterite weathering profile. Trudy Sovesh-chaniya PO Probleme Izucheniya Voronezh Antekuzy, 3rd. Voronezhskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, pp.223-225.

Spencer, E. (1925) Albite and other authigenic minerals in limestone from Bengal. Mineralogical Magazine, 20, 365-381.

Srivastava, N. K. and Schnitzer, W. A. (1976) Authigenic minerals in the PreCambrian sedimentary rocks of the Chattisgarh System (Central India). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen. 126, 221-230.

Stow, M. H. (1932) Authigenic tourmaline in the Oriskany Sandstone. American Mineralogist, 17, 150-152.

Sukhtankar, R. K. (1985) Euhedral authigenic tourmaline from the Kaladagi sandstone, Jamthandi, Bijapur district, Karnataka. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 26, 426- 428.

Topkaya, M. (1950) Authigenic silicates in sedimentary rocks. Bulletin des Laboratoires Geologie. Mineralogie. Geophysique de l'Universite de Lausanne, no.97.

Van Hise, C. R. (1885) Principles of North America PreCambrian Geology. U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report, 16.

Vetrunov, L. N. (1955) Authigenic tourmaline in Cenozoic molasses of northern Fergana. Doklady Akademiya Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR 14, 29-30.

Viswanathiah, M. N., Govinda Rajulu, B. V. and Raju, P. (1963) Authigenic tourmaline from Gulcheru stage of the lower Cuddapah formations (Pre-Cambrian), Andrha Pradesh. Indian Mineralogist, 4, 58.

Viswanathiah, M. N. and Govinda Rao Sindhia, M. R. (1966) Authigenic tourmaline from lower Kaladgi formations (Precambrian), Badami, Bijapor District, Mysore State. Journal of Mysore University, 20, 46-48.

Wichmann, H. (1880) Turmalin als authigener Gementeil von Sanden. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, Jahrgang 1880 TI, 294-297.

Zubova, S.I. and Rezapova, N.M. (1964) Source of boron in authigenic tourmaline from the Altai volcanic-sedimentary iron ores. Trudy Sibirskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Geologii, Geofiziki i Mineralnogo Syr'ya, no.35, pp. 155-157.

Henry, D. J., Kirkland, B. L. and Kirkland, D. W. (1999) Sector-zoned tourmaline from the cap rock of a salt dome. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 263-280.

Kirkland, B. L., Henry, D. J. and Kirkland, D. W. (in review) Authigenic tourmaline and quartz from cap rock, Challenger Knoll, central Gulf of Mexico. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology.

Popov, V.S. (1964) Authigenic tourmaline in halogen deposits. Litologiya, Poleznye Iskopaemneye, pp.158-160.

Popov, V.S. and Sadykhov, T. 5. (1962) Authigenic tourmaline from the Khodzha-Mumyn rock salt deposit. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 145, 140-141.

Makarov, V. N. and Kondrat'eva, D. M. (1965) Alterations of tourmaline in weathering profile of the Yakovlev iron-ore deposits in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly area. Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi SRS (Kiev) Dopovdi, 1, 84-87.

Varadachari, C., Barman, A. K. and Ghosh, K. (1994) Weathering of silicate minerals by organic acids. 2. Nature of residual products. Geoderma, 61,251-258

Darrell Henry is the Campanile Charities Professor of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University whose research specialty is metamorphic petrology. Further details of his professional background are included in an accompanying vita or faculty profile.

To contact Darrell Henry call (225)-578-2693, fax (225)-578-2302 or e-mail dhenry@geol.lsu.edu . Address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

This page was last updated on 04/17/06.

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