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Crystal Chemistry
Analytical techniques
Classification of tourmaline
Major element chemistry
Trace element chemistry
Sector zoning

Crystallography

Experimental data
Stability relations
Synthesis

Fault zones and kinematics

Fibrous tourmaline
Crystal chemistry
Morphology

Fluid/mineral inclusions

Gemstones

Health effects

Igneous rocks
Anorthosites
Granitoids
     Tourmaline granitoids
     Granitoid pegmatites
Greisens/Hydrothermal settings
Mafic plutonics
Tektites
Ultramafics/kimberlites
Volcanic rocks

Isotopes
B isotopes
H and O isotopes
Si isotopes
Sr isotopes

Metamorphic rocks
Amphibolites
Blueschists
Calcareous metasediments
Cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks
Eclogites
Felsic Gneisses
Granulites/Charnockites
     Metapelitic paragneiss
     Pegmatites (abyssal class)
Greenstones
Meta-arkoses
Meta-evaporites
Meta-ironstones
Metapelites/metaquartzites
Meta-ultramafics
Migmatites
Quartz veins
Skarns
Whiteschists

Ore deposits
Copper deposits
Massive sulfide deposits
Silver-gold deposits
Tin-tungsten deposits
Uranium deposits

Physical properties
Chatoyance/asterism
Density
Elastic constants
Electrical properties
Fracture
Hardness
Luminescence
Morphology
Surface properties
Thermal properties

Sediments and Sedimentary rocks
Detrital tourmaline
Diagenetic tourmaline
Evaporites
Weathering of tourmaline

Spectroscopy and microscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Luminescence
Magnetic properties
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Optical reflectivity
Optical spectroscopy and color
Raman spectroscopy
Synchrotron radiation
Thermoluminescence
TEM

Thermochemical data

Tourmaline breccias

Tourmalinites
Metapelites

Physical properties of tourmaline

last update: 04/17/06

Bhaskara-Rao, A. and de Assis, A. D. (1968) Chatoyant and pseudomorphosed tourmalines in northeastern Brazil. Journal da Mineralogia (Brazil), 6, 31-36.

Eppler, W. F. (1958) Notes on asterism in spinel and chatoyancy in chrysoberyl, quartz, tourmaline, zircon and scapolite. Journal of Geramology, 6, 251.

Graziani, G., Gubelin, C. G., and Lucchesi, S. (1982) Tourmaline chatoyancy. Journal of Gemmology, 18, 181-193.

Helme, B. G. and King, P. J. (1978) The elastic constants of iron tourmaline (schorl). Journal of Materials Science, 13, 1487-1489.

Huntington, H. B. (1958) The elastic constants of crustals. Solid State Physics, 7, 213-353.

Newaham, R. E. and Yoon, H. S. (1973) Elastic anisotropy in minerals. Mineralogical Magazine. 39, 78-84.

Ozkan, H. (1979) Elastic constants of tourmaline. Journal of Applied Physics, 50, 6006- 6007.

Tatli, A. (1985) Zero-field elastic constants of uvite. Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 46, 1015-1018.

Tatli, A. and Ozkan, H. (1987) Variation of the elastic constants of tourmaline with chemical composition. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 14, 172-176.

Arons, A. B., Cole, R. H., Kennedy, W. D. and Wilson, E. B. Jr. (1947) Design and use of tourmaline gages for piezoelectric measurement of explosion phenomena. Physical Reviews, 72, 176-177.

Baird, G. A. and Kennan, P. S. (1985) Electrical response of tourmaline rocks to a pressure impulse. Tectonophysics, 111, 147-154.

Barker, B. (1980) Aschentrekker. Gems and Gemology, 16, 375-378.

Bergmann, T. 0. (1766) Commentarius de indole Electrica Turmalini. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 56, 236-243.

Butler, Edward Taylor (1962) Methods of determining pyroelectricity in tourmaline. American University, United-States; Master's 40 p.

Curie, J. and Curie, P. (1880) Developpment par compession de lelectricite polaire dans les cristaux hemiedres a faces inclinees. Bulletin de la Societe Mineralogie de France, 3, 90.

Donnay, G. (1977) Structural mechanism of pyroelectricity in tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica, A, 33, 927-932.

Drozhdin, S. N., Novik, V. K., Koptslk, V. A. and Kobyakov, I. B. (1975) Pyroelectric properties of tourmaline and cancrinite crystals in a wide range of temperatures. Soviet Physics, Solid State. 16, 2122-2123.

Frondel, C. (1948) Tourmaline pressure gauges. American Mineralogist, 33, 1-17.

Gaugain, J. -M. (1856) Note sur les proprietes Electriques de Ta tourmaline. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences (Paris). 42, 1264-.

Gaugain, J. -M. (1859) Memoire sur lelectricite des tourmalines. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 57, 5-11.

Gavrilova, N. D. (1965) Study of the temperature dependence of pyroelectric coefficients by the static method. Kristallografiya, 10,278-281.

Gavrilova, N. D., Drozhdin, S. N., Novik, V. K. and Maksimov, E.G. (1983) Relationship between the pyroelectric coefficient and the lattice dynamics of the pyroelectrics. Solid State Communications, 48, 129-133.

Gladkii, V. V. and Zheludev, I.S. (1956) Methods and results of an investigation of the pyroelectric properties of some single crystals. Kristallografiya, 10, 63-67.

Hamid, S. A. (1980) Tourmaline as a pyroelectric infra-red radiation detector. Zeitshrift fur Kristallographie, 151, 67-75.

Hauy, R. J. (1785) Memorie sur les proprietes electriques plusieurs mineraux. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, 206.

Hawkins, K. D., Mackinnon, I. D. R. and Schneeberger, H. (1995) Influence of chemistry on the pyroelectric effect in tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 80, 491-501.

Hearst, J. R., kani, G. B., and Geesaman, L. B. (1965) Piezoelectric response of Z-cut tourmaline to shocks of up to 21 Kilobars. Journal of Applied Physics, 36, 3440-3444.

Helme, B. G.M. and King, P. J. (1977) Microwave acoustic relaxation absorption in iron tourmaline. Journal de Physique (Paris) 38, 1535-1540.

Home, R. W. (1976) Aepinus, the tourmaline crystal, and the theory of electricity and magnetism. Isis, 67, 21-30.

Keys, D. A. (1921) A piezoelectric method of measuring explosion pressures. Philosophical Magazine (London, Edinburgh, and Dublin), 42, 473-488.

Keys, D. A. (1923) The adiabatic and isothermal piezo-electric constants of tourmaline. Philosophical Magazine, 46, 999-1001.

Kittinger, E., Seil, and Tichy, J. (1979) Electroelastic effect in tourmaline. Zeitschrift fur Naturforsh., 34a, 1352-1354.

Lastovickova, M. and Povondra, P. (1988) High temperature electrical conductivity of tourmalines. Zhdanov, M. S., Berdichevsky, M. N., Fainberg,

Lewis, M. F., and Patterson, E. (1972) Assessment of tourmaline as an acoustic-surface- wave-delay medium. Applied Physics Letters, 20, 275-276.

Lewis, M. F., and Patterson, E. (1973) Microwave ultrasonic attenuation in topas, beryl, and tourmaline. Journal of Applied Physics, 44, 10-13.

Martin, A. J. P. (1931) On a new method for detecting pyroelectricity. Mineralogical Magazine 22,519-523. Mason, W. P. (1950) Piezoelectric Crystals and their Application to Ultrasonics. Van Nostrand, New York.

Maurice, M. E. (1930) On the demonstration of electric lines of force and a new method of measuring the electric moment of tourmaline. Cambridge Philosophical Society Proceedings. 26, 491-495.

Maxwell, J. C. (1873) A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Oxford Press, Clarendon, England.

Mishra, S., Krishna Rao, A. V. and Rao, K. V. (1989) Dielectric properties of tourmaline under different conditions. Pays. Stat. Solidi A – Applied Research, 114, K115-K118.

Nambi, K. S. V. (1984) Pyroelectroluminescence induced by tourmaline. Physica Status Solidi A – Applied Research. 82, K71- .

Niwa, Y., lizawa, O., Ishimoto, K., Jiang, X.X. and Kanoh, T. (1993) Electromagnetic-wave emitting products and Kikoh potentiate human-leukocyte flinctions. International Journal of Biometeorology, 37, 133-138.

Peng, M. S. and Wang, H. Y. (1994) Research on relation of tunnel structure to electrical properties of tourmaline. International Mineralogical Association Meeting Abstracts, 16, 321.

Rao, D. A. A. S. N. (1949) Dielectric constants of crystals, III. Indian Academy of Science Proceedings, 30A, 82-86.

Rao, D. A. A. S. N. (1950) Dielectric constants and elastic moduli of uniaxial crystals. Current Science (India) 19, 116.

Rozhkova, E. V. and Proskurovskii, L. V. (1957) Dielectric permeability determination on minerals and their dielectric separation. Sovremennye Metody Mineralogicheskogo Issledovaniya Gornykh Porod. Rud i Mineralov, pp.115-138.

E. B., Spichak, V. V. Ninth workshop on Electromagnetic induction in the Earth and Moon. Abstracts Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth and Moon. 9. p.101

Waesche, H. H. (1949) Importance and application of piezoelectric minerals. Mining and Engineering, 1, 12-16.

Yamaguchi, S. (1964a) Electron diffraction of a pyroelectric tourmaline crystal. Journal of Applied Physics, 35, 1654-1655.

Yamaguchi, S. (1964b) Electron diffraction of a pyroelectric tourmaline crystal. Naturwissenschaften, 51, 55.

Yamaguchi, S. (1983) Surface electric fields of tourmaline. Applied Physics, A-31, 183-185.

Kirby, S. H., Hemingway, B. S. and Lee, R. W. (1990) Anomalous fracture and thermal behavior of hydrous minerals. in Duba, A. G., Durham, W. B., Handin, J. W. and Wang, H. F. The Brittle-ductile transition in rocks. Geophysical Monograph, 56, 119-126.

Ivanova, T. N. (1981) Microhardness of minerals of the tourmaline group. Diagnostika i Diagnosticheskie Svoistva Mineralov Proceedings, pp.237-239. (Russian)

Luminescence

Calderon, T. (1987) Factores que afectan in termolurninescencia en turmalinas: Elbaita. Boletin de Ia Sociedad Espanola de Mineralogia, 10, 191-197

Calderon Garcia, T. and Coy-Yll, R. (1982) Thermoluminescence in elbaite. Journal of Gemmology, 18, 217-221.

Jain, V. K. and Mitra, 5. (1977) Thermoluminescence studies on some silicate minerals. Thermochimiac Acta, 18, 241-244.

de Camargo, W. G. R. and Souza, I. M. (1970) Novo Habito da Turmalina. Academia Brasileira de Ciencais Anais (Rio de Janeiro), 42, 219-222.

Gaines, R. V. and Thadeu, D. (1971) The minerals of Panasqueira, Portugal. Mineralogical Record, 2, 73-78.

Heinrich, E. W. (1963) Notes on western mineral occurrences. American Mineralogist, 48, 1172-1174.

Kuz'min V. I., Solntseva L. S., Konev A. S. (1976) Tipomorfnye osobennosti turmalina. Translated title: typomorphic features of tourmaline. In Novoe v mineralogicheskih issledovanijah. M., p. 41-43 (in Russian).

Rowley, E. B. (1942) Huge tourmaline crystals discovered. Mineralogist, 10,47-48, 63-64.

Rub, A. K. (1973) Silicates. Typomorphism of topaz and tourmaline, characteristic accessory minerals of tantalum and tin ore mmeralizations (as illustrated by a region in the eastern U.S.S.R.). Tipomorphism Mineralov i Ego Prakticheskoe Znachenie, pp.178-185.

Solly, R. H. (1884) On the tetartohedral development of crystal of tourmaline, Mineralogical Magazine, 6, 80-82.

Termier, P. (1907) Large tourmaline crystals from Ankaratra. Bulletin de la Societe Fraucaise de Mineralogie, 31, 138-142.

Williams, E. H., Jr. (1876) On crystals of tourmaline with enveloped orthoclase. American Journal of Science, 11, 274-275.

Wooster, W. A. (1976) Etch figures and crystal structures. Kristall und Technik, 11, 615-623.

Houchin, M. R. (1986) Surface studies of aqueous suspensions of tourmaline (Dravite). Colloids and Surfaces, 19, 67-82.

Nakamura, T. and Kubo, T. (1992) Tourmaline group crystals reaction with water. Ferroelectrics, 137,1-4.

Nishi, Y., Yazawa, A., Oguri, K., Kanazaki, F. and Kaneko, T. (1996) pH self-controlling induced by tourmaline. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 7, 260-263.

Yamaguchi, S. (1983) Tourmaline as a gas-chromatographic sensor. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 8, 493-498.

Horai, K. (1971) Thermal conductivity of rock forming minerals. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 1278-1308.

Kurylenko, C. (1950) Analyse thermique de quelques tourmalines. Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Mineralogie et de Cristallographie, 73, 49-54.

Lawless, W. N. and Pandey, R. K. (1984) Glasslike thermal conductivity of tourmaline at low temperatures. Solid State Communications, 52, 833-835.

Darrell Henry is the Campanile Charities Professor of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University whose research specialty is metamorphic petrology. Further details of his professional background are included in an accompanying vita or faculty profile.

To contact Darrell Henry call (225)-578-2693, fax (225)-578-2302 or e-mail dhenry@geol.lsu.edu . Address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

This page was last updated on 04/17/06.

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