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Crystal Chemistry
Analytical techniques
Classification of tourmaline
Major element chemistry
Trace element chemistry
Sector zoning

Crystallography

Experimental data
Stability relations
Synthesis

Fault zones and kinematics

Fibrous tourmaline
Crystal chemistry
Morphology

Fluid/mineral inclusions

Gemstones

Health effects

Igneous rocks
Anorthosites
Granitoids
     Tourmaline granitoids
     Granitoid pegmatites
Greisens/Hydrothermal settings
Mafic plutonics
Tektites
Ultramafics/kimberlites
Volcanic rocks

Isotopes
B isotopes
H and O isotopes
Si isotopes
Sr isotopes

Metamorphic rocks
Amphibolites
Blueschists
Calcareous metasediments
Cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks
Eclogites
Felsic Gneisses
Granulites/Charnockites
     Metapelitic paragneiss
     Pegmatites (abyssal class)
Greenstones
Meta-arkoses
Meta-evaporites
Meta-ironstones
Metapelites/metaquartzites
Meta-ultramafics
Migmatites
Quartz veins
Skarns
Whiteschists

Ore deposits
Copper deposits
Massive sulfide deposits
Silver-gold deposits
Tin-tungsten deposits
Uranium deposits

Physical properties
Chatoyance/asterism
Density
Elastic constants
Electrical properties
Fracture
Hardness
Luminescence
Morphology
Surface properties
Thermal properties

Sediments and Sedimentary rocks
Detrital tourmaline
Diagenetic tourmaline
Evaporites
Weathering of tourmaline

Spectroscopy and microscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Luminescence
Magnetic properties
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Optical reflectivity
Optical spectroscopy and color
Raman spectroscopy
Synchrotron radiation
Thermoluminescence
TEM

Thermochemical data

Tourmaline breccias

Tourmalinites
Metapelites

Tourmaline in ore deposits

last update: 04/17/06

Carlson, S. R. and Sawkins, F. J. (1980) Mineralogic and fluid inclusion studies of the Turmalina Cu-Mo-bearing breccia pipe, northern Peru. Economic Geology, 75, 1233-1238.

Frietsch, R., Tuisku, P., Martinsson, O. and Perdahl, J. (1997) Early Proterozoic Cu-(Au) and Fe ore deposits associated with regional Na-Cl metasomatism in northern Fennoscandia. Ore Geology Reviews, 12, 1-34.

LeBlanc, M. and Billaud, P. (1990) Zoned and recurrent deposition of Na-Mg-Fe-Si exhalites and Cu-Fe sulfides along synsedimentary faults (Bleida, Morocco). Economic Geology, 85, 1759-1769.

Lubis, H., Pribatmoko, S. and James, L. P. (1994) Bulgadian prospect; a copper, gold and tourmaline bearing porphyry and breccia system in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 50, 257-278.

Lynch, G. and Ortega, J. (1995) Tourmaline equilibria in porphyry stockwork systems, with examples from the Coxheath Cu-Mo-Au deposit, Nova Scotia, and the Kalzas W-Sn-Mo deposit, Yukon. GACMAC abstracts.

Lynch, G. and Ortega, J. (1997) Hydrothernal alteration and tourmaline-albite equilibria at the Coxheath porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit, Nova Scotia. Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 79-94.

Margolis, J. (1993) Geology and intrusion-related copper-gold mineralization, Sulphurets, British Columbia. PhD Thesis, University of Oregon, 208 p.

Sillitoe, R. H. and Sawkins, F. J. (1971) Geologic, mineralogic, and fluid inclusion studies relating to the origin of copper-bearing tourmaline breccia pipes, Chile. Economic Geology, 66, 1028-1041.

Sun, Haitian, Ge, Chaohua, and Ji, Shukai (1989) Translated title: Tourmaline from the Zhongtiaoshan copper metallogenic area; its characteristics and indication significance for ore-forming process of that area. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica. 8. (3). p.232-242.

Warnaars, F. W., Holmgren, C. D. and Barassi, S. F. (1985) Porphyry copper and tourmaline breccias at Los Broncos-Rio Blanco, Chile. Economic Geology, 80, 1544-1565.

Yavuz, F., Iskenderoglu, A. and Jiang, S. (1999) Tourmaline compositions from the Salikvan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit and vicinity, northeastern Turkey. Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1007-1024.

Beaty, D. W., Halin, G. A. and Threlkeld, W. E. (1988) Field, isotopic, and chemical studies of tourmaline-bearing rocks in the Belt-Purcell Supergroup: genetic constraints and exploration significance for Sullivan type ore deposits. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25, 392-402.

Brown, C. E. and Ayuso, R. A. (1982) Magnesian tourmaline-rich metasediments in the Grenville Lowlands of New York: Potential for occurrence of massive sulfide deposits. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 14, 8.

Brown, C. E. and Ayuso, R. A. (1982/1983) Tourmaline-rich rocks as possible indicators of massive sulfides. Geological Survey research 1982. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. p.6

Clarke, D. B., Reardon, N. C., Chatterjee, A. K. and Gregoire, D. C. (1989) Tourmaline composition as a guide to mineral exploration: A reconnaissance study from Nova Scotia using discriminant function analysis. Economic Geology, 84, 1921-1935.

Deb, M., Tiwary, A. and Palmer, M. R. (1997) Tourmaline in Proterozoic massive sulfide deposits from Rajasthan, India. Mineralium Deposita, 32, 94-99.

Din, V. K., Symes, R. F. and Williams, C. T. (1986) Lithogeochemical study of some Mendip county rocks with particular reference to boron. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geological Series Miscellania II, 40, 247-258.

Dubinina, V. N. and Kornilivich, I. A. (1968) Behavior of tourmaline in the supergene zone of polymetallic deposits (Eastern Transbaikal). Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obschchestvo, 97, 301-308.

Getmanskaya, T. I., Zabolotnaya, N. P., Novokova, M. I. and Pantelyev, A. I. (1970) Beryllium mineralization in a polymetallic ore district in Siberia. International Geology Review, 14, 829-836.

Hellingwerf; R. H., Gatedal, K., Gallagher, V. and Baker, J. H. (1994) Tourmaline in the central Swedish Ore District. Mineralium Deposita, 29, 189-205.

Ito, Toshikiko and Plimer, Tan R. (1987) The significance of tourmaline in the stratiform Dome Rock Deposit, Australia. Mining Geology. 37. (6(206)). p.403-418.

Jiang, S. Y., Palmer, M. R., Li, Y., -H. and Xue, C. J. (1995) Chemical compositions of tourmaline in the Yindonzi Tongmugou Pb-Zn deposits, Qinling, China: Implications for hydrothermal ore-forming processes. Mineralium Deposita, 30, 225-234.

Jiang, S-Y, Palmer, M.R., McDonald, A.M., Slack, J.F., and Leitch, C.H.B. (1996) Feruvite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia. Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 733-740.

Jiang, S., Palmer, M. R., Slack, J. F. and Shaw, D. R. (1999) Paragenesis and chemistry of multistage tourmaline formation in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia. Economic Geology, 93, 47-67.

Jiang, S., Palmer, M. R., Slack, J. F. and Shaw, D. R. (1999) Boron isotope systematics of tourmaline formation in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Culumbia, Canada. Chemical Geology, 158, 131-144. [in B-isotope/tourmaline folder]

Kuz'min V. I., Dobrovol'skaja N. V., Solnceva L. S. (1979) Turmalin i ego ispol'zovanie pri poiskovo-ocenochnyh rabotah. Translated title: Tourmaline and its use for exploration M.: Nedra. (in Russian)

Lecolle, M., Derre, C., Rjimati, E. C., Fonteilles, M., Azza, A. and Benanni, A. (1993) A silicified and phosphated peraluminous hydrothermal alteration with associated rutile in the upper Proterozoic of the Saghro (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) - Genesis and metallogenic consequences. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie II - Mecanique Physique Chimie Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers, 316, 123-130.

Mao, J., Wang, P., Wang, D. and Bi, C. (1993) The tracer of tourmaline for rock-forming and metallogenic environments and its applied conditions. Geological Review, 39, 497-507.

Nesbitt, B. E., Longstaffe, F. J., Shaw, D. R. and Muelenbachs, K. (1984) Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Sullivan massive sulfide deposit, Kimberley, British Columbia. Economic Geology, 933-946.

Penczak, R. S. and Mason, R. (1997) Metamorphosed Archean epithermal Au-As-Sb-Zn-(Hg) vein mineralization at the Campbell Mine, Northwestern Ontario. Economic Geology, 92, 696-719.

Plimer, I. R. (1983) The association of tourmaline-bearing rocks with mineralization at Broken Hill, N. S. W. The Australian I. M. M. Conference, 7, 157-176.

Plimer, I. R. and Lees, T. C. (1988) Tourmaline-rich rocks associated with the submarine hydrothermal Rosebery Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-Au deposit and granites in western Tasmania, Australia. Mineralogy and Petrology, 38, 81 - 103.

Shaw, D. R., Hodgson, C. J., Leitch, C. H. B. and Turner, R. J. W. (1993) Geochemistry of tourmaline, muscovite, and chlorite-garnet-biotite alteration, Sullivan Zn-Pb deposit, British Columbia. Current Research, Geological Survey of Canada, 93 1A, 97-107.

Slack, J. F. (1980) Tourmaline - a prospecting guide for massive base-metal sulfide deposits in the Penobscot Bay area, Maine. Special Economic Studies Series 8, Maine Geological Survey, 25 pp.

Slack, J. F. (1981/1982) Tourmaline in massive sulfides of New England. Geological Survey research 1981. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. p. 13

Slack, J. F. (1982) Tourmaline in Appalachian-Caledonian massive sulphide deposits and its exploration significance. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London), 91, B (Applied Earth Science), B8 1-B 89.

Slack, J. F. (1996) Tourmaline associations with hydrothermal ore deposits. In: Grew, E. S. and Anovitz, L. M. (editors) Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry. MSA Reviews in Mineralogy, 33, 559-644.

Slack, J. F. and Coad, P.R. (1989) Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphidic deposit, Timmins, Ontario: Evidence from Tourmalines and chlorites. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, 694-715.

Slack, J. F., Palmer, M. R., Stevens, B. P. J. and Barnes, R. G. (1993) Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia. Economic Geology, 88, 505-541.

Smith, H. H. (1926-1927) Discovery of tourmaline in a Norwegian pyrites deposit. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 36,206-218.

Smith, H. H. (1952) Visible tourmaline in Norwegian Pyrite. Bulletin of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, no.553, pp. 109-110.

Smith, S. M., Closs, L. G. and Theobald, P. K. (1987) Trace-element variation in hydrothermal tourmalines associated with mmeralization: El Correo, Sonora, Mexico. GEOEXPO/86: Exploration in the North American Cordillera. ed., I. L. Elliott and B. W. Smee, 109-125.

Takeshi, H. (1953) White tourmaline from Kanakura Mine, Nagana Prefecture, Japan. Nippon Kobutsu Galikai (Tokyo) 1, 105-112.

Taylor, B. E. and Slack, J. F. (1984) Tourmalines from Appalachian-Caledonian massive sulfide deposits: Textural, chemical, and isotopic relationships. Economic Geology, 79, 1703-1726.

Taylor, B. E. and Slack, J. F. (1985) Tourmalines from Appalachian-Caledonian massive sulfide deposits: Textural, chemical, and isotopic relationships - a reply. Economic Geology, 80, 2040-2044.

Wadhawan, S. K. and Roonwal, G. S. (1977) Genetic significance of tourmaline associated with sulphide mineralization at Zawar area, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 1977, 233-237.

Wonder, J. D. (1987) The origin of manganese-rich metasediments and their relationship to iron formation and base metal deposits, western Georgia Piedmont. MS Thesis, Iowa State University, 159 p.

Zaw, K., Large, R. R. and Huston, D. L. (1997) Petrological and geochemical significance of a Devonian replacement zone in the Cambrian Rosebery massive sulfide deposit, western Tasmania. Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 1325-1349.

Akcay, M. (1994) Mineral chemistry of tourmalines from the Gumusler Sb-Hg-W deposits (Niigde Massif, Central Anatolia). Geosound, 24, 151-161.

Ailken, Steven Andrew (1990) The Pamour One mine-site investigation, Timmins, Ontario. Queen's University, Canada; Master's Thesis, 194 p.

Angelica, R. S., da Costa, M. L. and Pollmann, H. (1996) Gold, wolframite, tourmaline-bearing lateritized gossans in the Amazone region, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 57,201-215.

Ansdell, K. M. and Kyser, T. K. (1991) The geochemistry and fluid history of the Proterozoic Laurel Lake Au-Ag deposit, Flin Flon greenstone belt. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 155-171.

Ansdell, K. M and Kyser, T. K. (1992) Mesothermal gold mineralization in a Proterozoic Greenstone Belt: Western Flin Flon Domain, Saskatchewan, Canada. Economic Geology, 87, 1496-1524.

Augustithis, S.S. (1967) On the textures and paragenesis of the gold-quartz-tourmaline veins of Ondononc, W. Ethiopia. Mineralium Deposita, 3, 48-55.

Bain, G. W. (1933) Wall-rock mineralization along Ontario gold deposits. Economic Geology, 8, 705-743.

Barbosa, A. L. de M., Grossigad, J.H., Darrell, J. van N. (1974) The "consanguineous" origin of a tourmaline-bearing gold deposit: Passagem de Mariana (Brazil). Economic Geology, 69, 416-422.

Bas, B. (1992) Hydrothermal alteration and fluid inclusion geochemistry of auriferous deformation zones and vein systems, SW Michipicoten greenstone belt, Ontario. MS Thesis, University of Windsor, 169p.

Belkabir, A., Robert, F., Vu, L. and Hubert, C. (1993) The influence of dikes on auriferous shear zone development within granitoid intrusions - The Bourlamaque Pluton, Val-Dor district, Abitibi Greenstone belt. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 1924-1933.

Beziat, D., Bourges, F., Debat, P., Fuchs, Y., Lompo, M., Martin, F., Nikiema, S. and Tollon, F. (1999) The Guibare and Fete Kole gold-bearing tourmaline-quartz veins in the Birimian greenstone belts. Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 575-592.

Beziat, D., Fuchs, Y., Lompo, M. and Martin, F. (1999) Paragenetic relations of gold to tourmaline in two Birimian ore deposits from Burkina Faso. European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstract Volume.

Bogdanova, L. A., Zorina, L. D., Afonina, G. G., Bobrov, Yu D., Spiridonov, A. M, and Bogatyrev, P. V. (1986) Turmalin zolotorudnykh mestorozhdeniy Vostochnogo Zabaykal'ya. Translated title: Tourmaline in gold-bearing deposits of eastern Transbaikalia. Zapiski Vsesoynznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva. 115. (2). p.191-200. (Russian)

Boyle, R. W. (1959) The geochemistry, origin, and role of carbon dioxide, water, sulfur, and boron in the Yellowknife gold deposits, Northwest Territories, Canada. Economic Geology, 54, 1506-1524.

Boyle, R. W. (1979) The geochemistry of gold and its deposits. Geological Survey Canada, Bulletin, 280, 581p.

Brinckmann, J., Lehmann, B. and Timm, F. (1994) Proterozoic gold mineralization in NW Burundi. Ore Geology Reviews, 9, 85-103.

Chauvet, A., Faure, M., Dossin, I. and Charvet, J. (1994) A three-stage structural evolution of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero; consequences for the Neoproterozoic age and the formation of gold concentrations of the Ouro Preto area, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Precambrian Research, 68, 139-167.

Deen, J. A., Rye, R.O., Munoz, J. L. and Drexler, J. W. (1994) The magmatic hydrothermal system at Julcani, Peru -Evidence from fluid inclusions and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. Economic Geology, 89, 1924-1938.

Deksissa, D. J. and Koeberl, C. (2002) Geochemistry and petrography of gold-quartz-tourmaline veins of the Okote area, southern Ethiopia: implications for gold exploration. Mineralogy and Petrology, 75, 101-122.

Dommanget, A., Milesi, J. P. and Diallo, M. (1993) The Luolo gold and tourmaline-bearing deposit. A polymorph type in the early Proterozoic of Mali (West Africa). Mineralium Deposita, 28, 253-263.

Farmer, C. B., Searl, A. and Halls, C. (1991) Cathodoluminescence and growth of cassiterite in the composite lodes at South Crofty Mine, Cornwall, England. Mineralogical Magazine, 55, 447-458.

Fleischer, R. and Routhier, P. (1973) The 'consanguineous' origin of a tourmaline-bearing gold deposit: Passagem de Maraina (Brazil). Economic Geology, 68, 11-22.

Fouillac, A. M., Dommanget, A. and Milet, J. P. (1993) A carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotopic study of the gold mineralization at Loulo, Mali. Chemical Geology, 106, 47-62.

Fuchs, Y. and Maury, R. (1995) Borosilicate alteration associated with U-Mo-Zn and Ag-Au-Zn deposits in volcanic rocks. Mineralium Deposita, 30, 449-459.

Fuchs, Y. and Paulet, P. H. (1989) Borosilicates associations of gold bearing hydrothermal systems in back arc volcanism of Italy, Nevada and northeastern Queensland. Symposium on Gold in Europe, Toulouse.

Garba, I. (1996) Tourmalinization related to Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic lode gold mineralization in the Bin Yauri area, Nigeria. Mineralium Deposita, 31, 201-209.

Gray, M.D. (1994) Multiple gold mineralizing events in the Porcupine Mining District, Timmins area, Ontario, Canada. Ph.D. thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 220 p.

Holler, W. and Gandhi, S. M. (1997) Origin of tourmaline and oxide minerals from the metamorphosed Rampura Agucha Zn-Pb-(Ag) deposit, Rajastan, India. Mineralogy and Petrology, 60, 99-119.

Kerrich, R. and Kyser, T. K. (1994) 100 Ma timing paradox of Archean gold, Abitibi Greenstone belt (Canada) - New evidence from U-Pb and Pb-Pb evaporation ages of hydrothermal zircons. Geology, 22,1131-1134.

Kerrich, R. and King, R. (1993) Hydrothermal zircon and baddeleyite in Val-Dor Archean mesothermal gold deposits -characteristics, compositions, and fluid inclusion properties, with implications for timing of primary gold mineralization. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30,2334-2351.

King, R. W. (1987) Tourmaline from Archean lode gold deposits; chemical, textural and isotopic relationships. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 19. (7). p.727

King, Robert W. (1988) Geochemical characteristics of tourmaline from Superior Province Archaean lode gold deposits; implications for source regions and processes. Abstracts Geological Society of Australia. 23. (1-2). p.445-447

King, R. W. (1990) Tourmaline from mesothermal gold deposits of the Superior Province, Canada. Textural, chemical and isotopic evidence. Ph.D. thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 228 p.

King, R. W. and Kerrich, R. (1987) REE and trace element distribution in chlorite and tourmaline; monitor of source rock reservoirs for Archean Au deposits. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 19. (7). p.727

King, R. and Kerrich, R. (1987) (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios of tourmaline from Au vein deposits of the Abitibi Subprovince; implications for source reservoirs. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada program with abstracts. 12. p. 62

King, R. and Kerrich, R. (1987) Chromian dravite associated with Archean lode gold deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada program with abstracts. 12. p.62

King, R. W. and Kerrich, R. W. (1989) Strontium isotope compositions of tourmaline from lode gold deposits of the Archean Abitibi Greenstone Belt (Ontario-Quebec, Canada): Implications for source reservoirs. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 79, 225-240.

King, R., Kerrich, R., and Hoffman, E. (1986) Tourmaline in Archean lode gold deposits; 1, Geochemical characteristics. The Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 18. (6). p.657

King, R., Kerrich, R., and Hoffman, E. (1986) Tourmaline in Archean lode gold deposits; II, REE distribution and Sr isotope characteristics. The Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 18. (6). p.657

Kitaev N. A., Bogatyrev P. V., Bogdanova L. A. (1985) Turmaliny zolotorudnyh mestorozhdnij. Translated title: Tourmalines from gold deposits. Geologija i geofizika, , №1, p. 68-74. (in Russian)

Kontak, D. J. and Smith, P. K. (1993) A metaturbidite-hosted lode gold deposit - The Beaver Dam deposit, Nova Scotia. 1. Vein paragenesis and mineral chemistry. Canadian Mineralogist, 31, 471-422.

Koval, P. V., Zorina, L. D., Kitajev, N. A., Spiridonov, A. M., and Ariunbileg, S. (1991) The use of tourmaline in geochemical prospecting for gold and copper mineralization. Rose, Arthur W., Taufen, Paul M. Geochemical exploration 1989; Part 1, Selected papers from the 13th international geochemical exploration symposium. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 40. (1-3). p.349-360.

Ledru, P., Milesi, J. P., Johan, V., Sabate, P. and Maluski, H. (1997) Foreland basins and gold-bearing conglomerates: a new model for the Jacobina Basin (Sao Francisco province, Brazil). Precambrian Research, 86, 155-176.

Lerouge, C., Johan, V., Ledru, P. and Milesi, J. P. (1999) The fuchsite-tourmaline association in the gold-bearing conglomerates of the Jacobina basin, Brazil: P-T conditions and origin. Journal of Metamorphic Geology.

Lubis, H., Prihatmoko, S. and James, L. P. (1994) Buladidan prospect - A copper, gold and tourmaline bearing porphyry and breccia system in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 50, 257-278.

McArdle, P., Fitzell, M., Oosterom, M. G., O'Connor P. J., and Kennan, P.S. (1989) Tourmalinite as a potential host rock for gold in the Caledonides of Southeast Ireland. Mineralium Deposita. 24. (2). p. 154-159.

Mueller, Andreas G., de Laeter, John R., and Groves, David I. (1991) Strontium isotope systematics of hydrothermal minerals from epigenetic Archean gold deposits in the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 86. (4). p.780-809.

Neiva, A. M. R., Manuela, M., Silva, V. G., Elisa, M. and Gomes, P. (in review) Geochemistry of tourmaline from Hercynian granites, associated tin, tungsten and gold deposits and adjacent metamorphic and metasomatic rocks from northern Portugal. Economic Geology.

Neumayr, P., Hagemann, S. G. and Couture, J. F. (2000) Structural setting, textures, and timing of hydrothermal vein systems in the Val d’Or camp, Abitibi, Canada: implications for the evolution of transcrustal, second- and third-order fault zones and gold mineralization. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37, 95-114.

Owens, E. O. and Hodder, R. W. (1994) Aluminosilicate mineral assemblages in the Cargo-Muchacho Mountains, Southern California- metasomatism and gold concentration associated with magmatism and deformation in mesozonal environments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 31, 310-322.

Pan, Y. and Fleet, M. E. (1992) Calc-silicate alteration in the Hemlo Gold Deposit, Ontario: mineral assemblages, P-T-X constraints, and significance. Economic Geology, 87, 1104-1120.

Penczak, R. S. and Mason, R. (1997) Metamorphosed Archean Epithermal Au-As-Sb-Zn-(Hg) vein mineralization at the Campbell Mine, Northwestern Ontario. Economic Geology, 92, 696-719. (with a 1998 discussion and reply)

Phillips, N. G. and Law, J. D. M. (1994) Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand gold fields; a review. Ore Geology Reviews, 9,1-31.

Robert, F. and Brown, A. C. (1984) Progressive alteration associated with gold-quartz-tourmaline veins at the Sigma mine, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec. Economic Geology, 79, 393-399.

Rodd, Katharine M. (1990) The geology and origin of the Golden Patricia Deposit, Pickle Lake, Ontario, Canada. Colorado School of Mines, Master's, 186 p.

Samson, I. M., Bas, B. and Holm, P. E. (1997) Hydrothermal evolution of auriferous shear zones, Wawa, Ontario. Economic Geology, 92, 325-342.

Vial, D. S., Fusikawa, R., Castro, E. P. G., and Vieira, M. M. H. (1988) The sulfide-tourmaline-quartz-vein gold deposit of Passagem de Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Abstracts Geological Society of Australia. 22. p.30-35.12 Refs.

Wojdak, P. J. and Sinclair, A. J. (1984) Equity silver-copper-gold deposit: Alteration and fluid inclusion studies. Economic Geology, 79, 969-990.

Agrell, S.O. (1941) Dravite-bearing rocks from Dinas Head, Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine, 26, 81-93.

Aleksandrov, S. M. (1975) On the characteristics of the acid leaching stage at the boron and tin deposits in magnesian skarns. Geochemistry International. 12, 78-87.

Ametrano, S. (1998) Turmalina de la Sierra de Altautina, Prov. De Cordoba. MINMET’98 – EDIUNS, 1-8.

Appel, P. W. U. (1988) On an Sn-W-bearing iron-formation in the Archaean Malene supra-crustals, West Greenland. Precambrian Research, 39(1-2), pp.131-137.

Bannikova, L. A., Sushchevskaya, T. M. Spasennykh, M. Y. and Barsukov, V. L (1994) Isotopic and geochemical study of the conditions of tin ore formation of Solnechnoye deposit (Far East of Russia). Geochemical Journal, 28,411-428.

Barnes, R. G. (1983) Stratiform and stratabound tungsten mineralization in the Broken Hill block, N. S. W. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 30, 225-239.

Barth, W. H. (1988) Compositional variation of zoned tourmalines associated with Sn-W mineralisation. Abstracts Geological Society of Australia. 21. p.439-440.

Blamart, D. (1991) "Les concentrations tungstifères et stannifères :caractérisations isotopiques (H-O) des fluides minéralisateurs, sur l'exemple du gisement Sn-W de Walmès (Maroc Central)". Détermination de quelques fractionnements isotopiques (H-O) entre minéraux et eau. Thèse publiée I.N.P.L. 193 p, Nancy-France.

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Darrell Henry is the Campanile Charities Professor of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University whose research specialty is metamorphic petrology. Further details of his professional background are included in an accompanying vita or faculty profile.

To contact Darrell Henry call (225)-578-2693, fax (225)-578-2302 or e-mail dhenry@geol.lsu.edu . Address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

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