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Crystal Chemistry
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Tourmaline breccias

Tourmalinites
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Crystallography and Crystal Structure

last update: 04/17/06

Afonina, G. G. and Makagon, V. M. (1990) Translated title: Ordering of tourmaline and the distribution of cations by positions of Y and Z in its structure; according to X-ray powder patterns. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal. 12. (5). p.19-25.

Afonina, G. G., Makagon, V. M, Bogdanova, L. A. and Vladykin, N. V. (1980) The unit cell parameters of tourmalines with different composition. Zap. Vses. Min. Obshch, 109, 105- 112.

Afonina, G. G. and Makagon, V. M. (1992) Unit cell pararneters of tourmaline modifications at different degree of ordering. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 33, 53-57.

Agafonova, T. N. (1949) Crystallographic study of tourmalines. Doklady Akademia Nauk SSSR (Leningrad) Comptes Rendus, 65, 207-209.

Barsanov, G. P. and Yakovleva, M. E. (1964) Tourmalines of dravite composition. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Mineralogicheshkii Muzei, Moscow, 15, 39-80.

Barsanov, G. P. and Yakovleva, M. E. (1965) Tourmalines of schorl composition. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Mineralogicheshkii Muzei, Moscow, 16,3-44.

Barsanov, 6. P. and Yakavleva, M. B. (1966) Elbaite and certain rare varieties of tourmaline. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Mineralogicheshkii Muzei, Moscow, 17, 3-25.

Barton, P. Jr. (1969) Refinement of the crystal structure of buergerite and the absolute orientation of tourmalines. Acta Crystallographica, B25, 1524-1533.

Belov, N. V. and Belova, B. N. (1949) Crystal structure of tourmaline. Doklady Acad. Sci. USSR, 69, 185.

Belov, V. F., Khimich, T. A., Shipko, M. N., Voskresenskaya, I.E. and Okulov, B. N. (1973) Gamma-resonance investigations of ferruginous tourmaline. Soviet Physics and Crystallography, 18.119-120.

Belov, V. F., Korvushkin, V. V., Belov, A. F., Korneev, B. V. and Zheludev, I.S. (1975) Nonequivalent positions of the fron ions and electronuclear interactions in tourmaline. Soviet Physics of the Solid State, 16, 1568.

Buerger, M. J., Bumham, C. W. and Peacor, D. R. (1962) Assessment of the several structures proposed for tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica, 15: 583-590.

Buerger, M. J. and Parrish, W. (1937) The unit cell and space group of tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 22, 1139-1150.

Camara, F., Ottolini, L. and Hawthorne, F. C. (2002) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA, and SIMS. American Mineralogist, 87, 1437-1442.

Clark, C. M. and Hawthorne, F. C. (2001) Bonding character of triangular boron in tourmaline. Goldschmidt Conference, 11, 3015.pdf.

Donnay, G. and Barton, P. Jr. (1972) Refinement of the crystal structure of elbaite and the mechanism of tourmaline solid solution. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 18, 273-286.

Donnay, G. and Buerger, M. J. (1950) The determination of the crystal structure of tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica, 3, 5-12.

Epprecht, W. (1953) Die Gitterkonstanten derturmaline. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 33,481-505.

Ertl, A. and Hughes, J. M. (2002) The crystal structure of an aluminum-rich schorl overgrown by boron-rich olenite from Koralpe, Styria, Austria. Mineralogy and Petrology, 75, 69-78.

Ertl, A., Hughes, J. M. and Marler, B. (2001) Empirical formulae for the calculation of <T-O> and X-O2 bond lengths in tourmaline and relations to tetrahedrally-coordinated boron. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Mh., 2001, 548-557.

Ertl, A., Hughes, J. M., Pertlik, F., Foit, F.F., Jr., Wright, S. E., Brandstatter, F., and Marler, B. (2002) Polyhedron distortions in tourmaline. Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 153-162.

Ertl, A., Hughes, J. M., Prowatke, S., Rossman, G. R., London, D. and Fritz, E. A. (2003) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 88, 1379-1376.

Foit, F. F., Jr. (1992) X-ray and optical data for a vanadium-rich dravite from Silver Knob, Mariposa County, California, U.S.A. Powder Diffraction, 7, 236-238.

Fortier, S. and Donnay, G. (1975) Schorl refinement showing composition dependence of the tourmaline structure. Canadian Mineralogist, 13, 173-177.

Francis, C. A., Dyar, M. D., Williams, M. L. and Hughes, J. M. (1999) The occurrence and crystal structure of foitite from a tungsten-bearing vein at Copper Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico. Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1431-1438.

Gorskaya, M. G., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V., Rozhdestvenskaya, I. V. and Frank-Kamenetskii, V. A. (1982) Refinement of the crystal structure of Al-rich elbaite, and some aspects of the crystal chemistry of tourmalines. Soviet Physics: Crystallography, 27, 63-66.

Gorskaya, M. G., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O. V., and Frank-Kamenetskii, V. A. Some problems of structural crystallochemistry of tourmalines. Crystal chemistry of minerals. Papers and Proceedings of the General Meeting International Mineralogical Association. 13. p.557-563.

Hamburger, G.E. and Buerger, M. J. (1948) The structure of tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 33, 532-540.

Hawthorne, F. J. (1996) Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline. Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 123-132.

Hawthorne, F. C., Selway, J. B., Kato, A., Matsubara, S., Shimizu, M., Grice, J. D. and Vajdak, J. (1999) Magnesiofoitite, ¨ (Mg₂Al) Al₆ (Si₆O₁₈) (BO₃)₃ (OH)₄, a new alkali-deficient tourmaline. Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1439-1443.

Hughes, J. M., Ertl, A., Dyar, M. D., Grew, E. S., Shearer, C. K. and Yates, M. G. (1999) Boron in the tourmaline tetrahedral site: Chemistry and structure of a boron-rich olenite. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Hughes, J. M., Ertl, A., Dyar, M. D., Grew, E. S., Shearer, C. K., Yates, M. G. and Guidotti, C. V. (2000) Tetrahedrally coordinated boron in a tourmaline: boron-rich olenite from Stoffhutte, Koralpe, Austria. Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 861-869.

Hughes, K. A., Hughes, J. M. and Dyar, M. D. (2001) Chemical and structural evidence for ^[4]B – ^[4]Si substitution in natural tourmaline. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13, 743-748.

Ito, T. and Sadanaga, R. (1951) Fourier analysis of the structure of tourmalines. Acta Crystallographica, 4, 5-12.

Johnston, J H. and Duncan, J. F. (1975) Manganese ion site distribution studies in tourmaline by anomalous X-ray scattering methods. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 8, 469-472.

Kahlenberg, V. and Velickov, B. (2000) Structural investigations on a synthetic alkali-free hydrogen-deficient Fe-tourmaline (foitite). European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 947-953.

Kargal'tsev, S. V., Lebedev, A. S., and Fursenko, D. A. (1990) Relationship of intercation distances and unit cell dimensions of tourmaline. Soviet Geology and Geophysics. 31. (8). p.105-112.

Kurylenko, C. (1949) Contribution a l’etude de la rubellite. Bulletin de la Societe Francais de Mineralogie et de Cristallographie, 72, 319-321.

Leavens, Peter B., Rheingold, Amold L., and Dietrich, Richard V. (1988) Crystal structure of a uvite-schorl tourmaline. V. M. Goldschmidt conference; program and abstracts. p.56

Lebedev, A. S., Kargal'tsev, S. V., Kuz'min, V.I., and Korovuslilcin, V. V. (1990) Translated title: The effects of the crystallization conditions on the distribution of Al, Fe(Mg) in octahedron positions of tourmaline structures. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal. 12. (1). p.24-33.

MacDonald, D. J. and Hawthorne, F. C. (1995) Cu-bearing tourmaline from Paraiba, Brazil. Acta Crystallographica, 51, 555-.

Nuber, B. and Schmetzer, K. (1981) Strukturverfeinernng von Liddicoatit. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 5:215-219.

Nuber, B. and Schmetzer, K. (1984) Structural refinement of tsilaisite (manganese tourmaline). Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh., 301-304.

Pieczka, A. (1999) Statistical interpretation of structural parameters of tourmalines: the ordering of ions in the octahedral sites. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 243-251.

Pieczka, A. (1999) Modeling of some structural parameters of tourmalines on the basis of their chemical composition: 1. The ordered structural model. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Pieczka, A. (2000) Modeling of some structural parameters of tourmalines on the basis of their chemical composition: 1. The ordered structural model. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 589-596.

Povondra, P. and Cech, F. (1985) Lattice parameters of tourmalines of the dravite-schorl series and their relation to chemical composition. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica. 1985. (3). p.235-245.

Selway, J. B., Novak, M., Hawthorne, F. C., Cerny, P., Ottolini, L. and Kyser, T. K. (1998) Rossmanite o (LiAl₂)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₄, a new alkali-deficient tourmaline: Description and crystal structure. American Mineralogist, 83, 896-900.

Sosedko, T. A. and Mischenko, K. 5. (1986) K voprosu rentgenovskoy diagnostiki trrmalinov. Translated title: X-ray diagnosis of tourmaline. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva. 115. (3). p.369-377. (Russian)

Tippe, A. and Hamilton, W. C. (1971) A neutron diffraction study of the ferric tourmaline, buergerite. American Mineralogist, 56, 101-113.

Velickov, B. and Abs-Wurmbach, I. (1999) Some considerations to mechanism of proton-deficiancy in tourmalines. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Darrell Henry is the Campanile Charities Professor of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University whose research specialty is metamorphic petrology. Further details of his professional background are included in an accompanying vita or faculty profile.

To contact Darrell Henry call (225)-578-2693, fax (225)-578-2302 or e-mail dhenry@geol.lsu.edu . Address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

This page was last updated on 04/17/06.

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