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Crystal Chemistry
Analytical techniques
Classification of tourmaline
Major element chemistry
Trace element chemistry
Sector zoning

Crystallography

Experimental data
Stability relations
Synthesis

Fault zones and kinematics

Fibrous tourmaline
Crystal chemistry
Morphology

Fluid/mineral inclusions

Gemstones

Health effects

Igneous rocks
Anorthosites
Granitoids
     Tourmaline granitoids
     Granitoid pegmatites
Greisens/Hydrothermal settings
Mafic plutonics
Tektites
Ultramafics/kimberlites
Volcanic rocks

Isotopes
B isotopes
H and O isotopes
Si isotopes
Sr isotopes

Metamorphic rocks
Amphibolites
Blueschists
Calcareous metasediments
Cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks
Eclogites
Felsic Gneisses
Granulites/Charnockites
     Metapelitic paragneiss
     Pegmatites (abyssal class)
Greenstones
Meta-arkoses
Meta-evaporites
Meta-ironstones
Metapelites/metaquartzites
Meta-ultramafics
Migmatites
Quartz veins
Skarns
Whiteschists

Ore deposits
Copper deposits
Massive sulfide deposits
Silver-gold deposits
Tin-tungsten deposits
Uranium deposits

Physical properties
Chatoyance/asterism
Density
Elastic constants
Electrical properties
Fracture
Hardness
Luminescence
Morphology
Surface properties
Thermal properties

Sediments and Sedimentary rocks
Detrital tourmaline
Diagenetic tourmaline
Evaporites
Weathering of tourmaline

Spectroscopy and microscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Luminescence
Magnetic properties
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Optical reflectivity
Optical spectroscopy and color
Raman spectroscopy
Synchrotron radiation
Thermoluminescence
TEM

Thermochemical data

Tourmaline breccias

Tourmalinites
Metapelites

Crystal Chemistry

last update: 04/17/06

Aurisicchio, C., DeMartin, F., Ottolini, L. and Pezzotta, F. (1999) Homogeneous liddicoatite from Madagascar: a possible reference material? First EMPA, SIMS and SREF data. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 237-242.

Fleet, M. E. and Muthupari, S. (2000) Boron K-edge XANES of borate and borosilicate minerals. American Mineralogist, 85, 1009-1021.

Hawthorne, F. C., Cooper, M., Bottazzi, P., Ottolini, L., Ercit, T. S., and Grew, E. S. (1995) Micro-analysis of minerals for boron by SREF, SIMS and EMPA: a comparative study. Canadian Mineralogist, 33, 389-397.

McGee, J. J. and Anovitz, L. M. (1996) Electon probe microanalysis of geologic materials for boron. In E. S. Grew and L. M. Anovitz, editors "Boron – Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry", Reviews in Mineralogy, 33, 771-788.

Lihareva, N., Kostrukova, P. and Vakarelska, Ts. (2000) Application of sodium carbonate – zinc oxide decomposition mixture in ICP-AES determination of boron in tourmaline. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 367, 84-86.

Ottolini, L., Camara, F., Hawthorne, F. C. and Stirling, J. (2002) SIMS matrix effects in the analysis of light elements in silicate minerals: Comparison of SREF and EMPA. American Mineralogist, 1477-1485.

Ottolini, L. and Hawthorne, F. C. (1999) An investigation of SIMS matrix effects on H, Li and B ionization in tourmaline. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 679-690.

Povondra, P. and Cech, F. (1976) A method for the chemical analysis of tourmaline. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, 209-217.

Qureshi, A.A.; Akram, M; AyubKhan, M; Khattak, N.U; Qureshi, I.E.; and Khan, H.A. (2001) Boron determination in tourmaline by neutron induced radiography, 34, 345-348.

Hawthorne, F. J. and Henry, D. J. (1999) Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 201-216.

Yavuz, F. (in review) CLASTOUR: A computer program for classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group. Computers and Geosciences.

Afonina, G. G., Bogdanova, L. A., Makagon, V. M., Vladykin, N. V., and Bogatyrev, P. V. Rentgenograficheskiye kharaltteristiki turmalinov razlichnylth mineral'nykh paragenezisov. Translated title: Radiographic characteristics of the different tourmaline mineral paragenesis. Crystal chemistry of minerals. Papers and Proceedings of the General Meeting International Mineralogical Association. 13. p.307-316.

Aurisicchio, C., Ottolini, L. and Pezzotta, F. (1998) A complete chemical characterization of foitite minerals from Elba Island by means of EMPA and SIMS. Plinius, 20, 37-38.

Aurisicchio, C., Ottolini, L. and Pezzotta, F. (1999) Electron- and ion-microprobe analyses, and genetic inferences of tourmalines of the foitite-schorl solid solution. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 217-225.

Ayuso, R. A. and Brown, C. F. (1984) Manganese-rich red tourmaline from the Fowler talc belt, New York. Canadian Mineralogist, 22, 327-332.

Badalov, S. T. (1951) Vanadium containing tourmaline and garnet. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestvo (Leningrad) 80, 212-213. (abstract in Chemical Abstracts, 1952, 46, 1394).

Bank, H. (1974) Rote turmaline mit hoher licht- und doppelbrechung aus Kenya. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gessellschafi, 23, 89-92.

Basset, H. (1953) A vanidiferous variety of tourmaline from Tanganyika. Geological Survey Tanganyika Records, 3, 93-96.

Black, P. M. (1971) Tourmalines from Cuvier Island, New Zealand. Mineral Magazine. 38, 374-376.

Bloodaxe, E. S., Hughes, J. M., Dyar. M. D., Grew, E. S. and Guidotti, C. V. (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series. American Mineralogist, 84, 922-928.

Brown, C. F. and Ayuso, R. A. (1985) Significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Grenville complex of St. Lawrence County, New York. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1626-C.

Burns, P. C., MacDonald, D. J. and Hawthorne, F. C. (1992) The crystal chemistry of manganiferous elbaitic tourmalines" a crystal structure and electron microprobe study. Geological Association of Canada and Mineralogical Association of Canada Abstracts, 17, A14.

Burns, P. C., MacDonald, D. J. and Hawthorne, F. C. (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganiferous elbaite. Canadian Mineralogist, 32,31-41.

Burt, D. M. (1989) Vector representation of tourmaline compositions. American Mineralogist, 74, 826-839.

Camara, F., Ottolini, L. and Hawthorne, F. C. (2002) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA, and SIMS. American Mineralogist, 87, 1437-1442.

Clarke, F. W. (1899) Constitution of tourmaline. American Journal of Science, 8, 111-121.

Cotkin, S. J. (1989) Manganiferous dravite-uvite tourmaline, fluorine distribution, and talc formation, northwest Adirondacks, U.S.A., Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Mh., 1989,201-211.

Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. and Zussman, J. (1962) Rock Forming Minerals, 1, 300-319, Longman, London.

Dietrich, R. V. (1985) The Tourmaline Group. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. New York.

Dietrich, R. V. (1988) Tourmaline group nomenclature; problems and suggested resolutions. Rocks and Minerals. 63. (2). p.127.

Donnay, G. (1963) Tourmaline. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook, 62, 166- 169.

Donnay, G. (1969) Crystalline heterogeneity, evidence from electron-probe study of Brazilian tourmaline. Carnegie Institute of Washington Year Book, 67, 219-220.

Donnay, G., Ingamells, C. O. and Mason, B. (1966) Buergerite, a new species of tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 51, 198-199.

Dunn, P. J. (1976) Buergerite, uniformity of composition. American Mineralogist, 61, 1029-1030.

Dunn, P. J. (1977) Chromium in dravite. Mineralogical Magazine, 41, 408-410.

Dunn, P. J., Appleman, D. F. and Nelen, J. F. (1977) Liddicoatite, a new calcium end-member of the tourmaline group. American Mineralogist, 62, 1121-1125.

Dunn, P. J., Appleman, D., Nelen, J. A. and Norberg, J. (1977) Uvite, a new (old) common member of the tourmaline group and its implications to collectors. Mineralogical Record, 8, 100-108.

Dunn, P. J., Arem, J. F. and Saul, J. (1975) Red dravite from Kenya. Journal of Gemmology, 14, 386-387.

Dyar, M.D., Francis, C. A., Wise, M. A., Guidotti, C. V., McGuire, A. V. and Robertson, J. D. (1994) Complete chemical characterization of tourmaline. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 75, 187.

Dyar, M. D., Grew, E. S., Guidotti, C. V., Hughes, J. M., Bloodaxe, E., Tagg, S. L., Cho, H., Shearer, C. K., Robertson, J. D., Paul, R. L. and Yates, M. G. (1999) The search for tetrahedral boron in tourmaline: an analytical challenge. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Dyar, M.D. and Guidotti, C. V. (1994) Ferric iron, H, and light elements in silicates from metapelites in western Maine, USA. International Mineralogical Association Meeting Abstracts, 16, 214.

Dyar, M. D., Guidotti, C. V., Core, D. P., Wearn, K. M., Wise, M. A., Francis, C. A., Johnson, K., Brady, J. B., Robertson, J. D. and Cross, L. R. (1999) Stable isotope and crystal chemistry of tourmaline across pegmatite-country rocks boundaries at Black Mountain and Mount Mica, southwestern Maine, USA. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 281-294.

Dyar, M. D., Taylor, M. E., Lutz, T. M., Francis, C. A., Guidotti, C. V. and Wise, M. (1998) Inclusive chemical characterization of tourmaline: Mossbauer study of Fe valence and site occupancy. American Mineralogist, 83, 848-864.

El-Hinnawi, F. F. and Hofmann, R. (1966) Optische und chemische Untersuchungen an neun Turmalinen (Elbaiten). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, 1966, 80-89.

Ertl, A. (1995) Elbait, olenit, dravit-buergerit-mischkristalle, dravit, uvit und em neuer Al-turmalin(?) von &sterreichen Fundstellen. Mitt. Osterreichen Miner. Ges., 140, 55-72.

Ertl, A. (1999) Replacement of aluminum by silicon in the Z-octahedra in the structure of tourmaline. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Ertl, A. (1997) Investigations on olenite with excess boron from the Koralpe, Styria, Austria. Anzeiger Abt. I, 134, 3-10.

Ertl, A. and Brandstatter, F. (1998) Olenit mit Boruberschuss aus einem Metapegmatit ostlich der Stoffhutte, Koralpe, Steiermark, Osterreich. Mitt. Abt. Miner. Landesmuseum Joanneum, 62/63, 3-21.

Ertl, A. and Pertlik, F. (1999) Replacement of silicon by boron in tourmaline- and mica-type structures. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Ertl, A., Pertlik, F. and Bernhardt, H. –J. (1997) Investigations on olenite with excess boron from the Korlalpe, Styria, Austria. Anzeiger Abt. I, 134, 3-10.

Ertl, A., Pertlik, F. and Bernhardt, H. –J. (2001) Hellblaue Olenit-Schorl-Dravit Mischkristalle von Niederosterreich: chemismus und Kristallstruktur. Mitt. Osterr. Miner. Ges., 145,

Ertl, A., Hughes, J. M., Prowatke, S., Rossman, G. R., London, D. and Fritz, E. A. (2003) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 88, 1379-1376.

Foit, F. F., Jr. (1989) Crystal chemistry of alkali-deficient schorl and tourmaline structural relationships. American Mineralogist, 74, 422-431.

Foit, F. F., Jr., Fuchs, Y. and Myers, P. F. (1989) Chemistry of alkali-deficient schorls from two tourmaline-dumortierite deposits. American Mineralogist, 74, 1317-1324.

Foit, F. F. and Rosenberg, P. F. (1975) Aluminobuergerite, Na_1+x R³⁺₃R³⁺₆(BO₃)₃Si₆O₁₈O_3-x(OH)_1+x, a new member of the tourmaline group. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 56, 461.

Foit, F. F. and Rosenberg, P. F. (1977) Coupled substitutions in the tourmaline group. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 62, 109-127.

Foit, F. F. and Rosenberg, P. F. (1979) The structure of vanadium-bearing tourmaline and its implications regarding tourmaline solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 64, 788-798.

Foit, Franklin F. Jr., Towatana, Prawit, and Myers, Paul F. (1989) Alkali-deficient tourmalines from the Jack Creek tourmaline-dumortierite deposit, Jefferson County, Montana. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 21. (5). p.79

Frondel, C., Biedl, A. and Ito, J. (1966) New type of ferric iron tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 51, 1501-1505.

Fuge, R. and Power, G. M. (1969) Chlorine in tourmaline from SW England. Mineralogical Magazine, 37, 293-294.

Galan, F. and Ruiz de Almodovar, G. Contribution to the geochemistry of tourmalinization and muscovitization processes. Crystal chemistry of minerals. Papers and Proceedings of the General Meeting International Mineralogical Association, 13. p.543-555.

Gallagher, V. (1988) Coupled substitutions in schorl-dravite tourmaline: new evidence from SE Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine, 52, 637-650.

Grice, J. D. and Ercit, T. S. (1990) Crystal chemistry of Fe-rich tourmalines. Geological Association of Canada and Mineralogical Association of Canada Abstracts, 15, AS 1.

Grice, J. D. and Ercit, T. S. (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in tourmaline: The correct formula. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 165, 245-266.

Grice, J. D., Ercit, T. S. and Hawthorne, F. C. (1993) Povondraite, a redefinition of the tourmaline ferridravite. American Mineralogist, 78, 433-436.

Grice, J. D. and Robinson, G. W. (1989) Feruvite, a new member of the tourmaline group, and its crystal structure. Canadian Mineralogist, 27, 199-203.

Guidotti, C. V., Yates, M. G., Grew, F. S., Dyar, D., Wiedenbeck, M. and Fowler, G. (1997) Stoichiometry of natural tourmaline from western Maine. GSA Abstracts with Program.

Gupta, A. and Tossell, J. A. (1981) A theoretical study of bond distance, x-ray spectra and electron density distributions in borate polyhedra. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 7, 159-164.

Hall, A. L. (1918) Note on A remarkable occurrence of chromium tourmaline and rutile in the Barberton district. Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, 20, 51-52.

Hamlin, A. C. (1873) The tourmaline. J. R. Osgood, Boston.

Hanni, H. A., Frank, F., and Bosshart, G. (1981) Golden yellow tourmaline of gem quality from Kenya. Journal of Gemmology, 17, 437-442.

Haralampiev, A. and Dinolova, F. (1992) Tsilaisite - new tourmaline variety in Bulgaria. Dokladi na Bolgarskata Akademiya na Naukite, 45, 25-27.

Harris, N. B. W., Gravestock, P. and Inger, S. (1992) Ion-microprobe determinations of trace-element concentrations in garnets from anatectic assemblages. Chemical Geology, 100, 41-49.

Hawthorne, F. J. (1996) Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline. Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 123-132.

Hawthorne, F. C., MacDonald, D. J. and Burns, P. C. (1992) Reassignment of cation site-occupancies in tourmaline: Al-Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite. Geological Association of Canada and Mineralogical Association of Canada, 17, A46.

Hawthorne, F. C., MacDonald, D. J. and Burns, P. C. (1993) Reassignment of cation site occupancies in tourmaline: Al-Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite. American Mineralogist, 78, 265-270.

Henn, U., Bank, H., Bank, F. H., von Planten, H., and Hofmeister, W. (1990) Transparent bright blue Cu-bearing tourmalines from Paraiba, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine, 54, 553-557.

Henn, U. and Schramm, M. (1986) Some observations on brown tourmalines from Elahera, Sri Lanka. Journal of Gemmology and Proceedings of the Gemmological Association of Great Britain. 20, 154-156.

Henry, D. J. (1992) Metamorphic tourmaline compositional polarity and intracrystalline element partitioning: implications for geothermometry and punctuated growth of tourmaline. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 24, A130.

Henry, D. J. and Dutrow, B. L. (1987) Ca-deprotonation in tourmaline from aluminous metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 19, 700.

Henry, D. J. and Dutrow, B. L. (1990) Ca substitution in Li-poor aluminous tourmaline, Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 111-124.

Henry, D. J. and Dutrow, B. L. (1992) Tourmaline in a low grade clastic metasedimentary rocks: an example of the petrogenetic potential of tourmaline: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 112, 203-218.

Henry, D. J. and Dutrow, B. L. (1996) Metamorphic tourmaline and its petrologic applications. In E. S. Grew and L. M. Anovitz, editors "Boron – Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry", Reviews in Mineralogy, 33, 503-557.

Henry, D. J. and Dutrow, B. L. (2001) Compositional zoning and element partitioning in nickeloan tourmaline from a metamorphosed karstbauxite from Samas, Greece. American Mineralogist, 86, 1130-1142.

Henry, D. J., Dutrow, B. L. and Selverstone, J. (2002) Compositional polarity in replacement tourmaline – an example from the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps. Geological Materials Research, 4, no. 2, 23 p

Henry, D. J., Kirkland, B. L. and Kirkland, D. W. (1999) Sector-zoned tourmaline from the cap rock of a salt dome. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 263-280.

Heyl, A. V., Foord, F. F., and Heyl, M. L. (1977) Chromian dravite, a new variety of tourmaline from the Line Pit (Lows Mine) in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Friends of Mineralogy. Pennsylvania Chapter Newsletter, fall issue, pp.3-5.

Howie, R. A. (1975) Tourmaline. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 3, 209-213.

Huang, Z. (1993) Mineralogical characteristics and geological significance of tourmaline coexisting with suanite. Geoscience, 7, 192-199.

Hughes, J. M., Ertl, A., Dyar, M. D., Grew, E. S., Shearer, C. K. and Yates, M. G. (1999) Boron in the tourmaline tetrahedral site: Chemistry and structure of a boron-rich olenite. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Hughes, J. M., Ertl, A., Dyar, M. D., Grew, E. S., Shearer, C. K., Yates, M. G. and Guidotti, C. V. (2000) Tetrahedrally coordinated boron in a tourmaline: boron-rich olenite from Stoffhutte, Koralpe, Austria. Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 861-869.

Hughes, K. A., Hughes, J. M. and Dyar, M. D. (2001) Chemical and structural evidence for ^[4]B – ^[4]Si substitution in natural tourmaline. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13, 743-748.

Jakob, J (1937) Analysen drejer Tessiner Turmaline. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 17,146-148.

Jakob, J. (1938) Der Turmalin von Karharia stream, Kodarma, Britisch Indien. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 17, 605-606.

Jan, M. Q., Kempe, D. R. C. and Symes, R. F. (1972) A chromian tourmaline from Swat, West Pakistan. Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 756-759.

Jedwab, J. (1962) Tourmaline zincifere dans une pegmatite de Muika (Congo). Societe Belge de Geologie, de Paleontologie et Hydrologie Bulletin, 71, 132-135.

Jiang, S-Y, Palmer, M.R., McDonald, A.M., Slack, J.F., and Leitch, C.H.B. (1996) Feruvite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia. Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 733-740.

Jiang, S-Y, Palmer, M.R. and Slack, J.F., (in press) Alkali-deficient Mn-rich uvite-dravite from the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia. Mineralogical Magazine.

Jones, R. W. (1988) Manganese-rich tourmalines from Baja California Norte Mexico. Rocks and Minerals, 63, 456.

Jones, B. G., Carr, P. F. and Condliffe, F. (1981) Ferrian tourmaline from Bungonia, New South Wales. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 28, 13-17.

Kalt, A., Schreyer, W., Bernhardt, H. and Ertl, A. (1999) Complete solid solution between magnesian schorl and lithian excess-boron olenite in the Koralpe pegmatite. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Kazachenko, V. T., Butsik, L. A., Sapin, V.1., Kitaev, I. V., Barinov, N. N. and Narnov, G. A. (1993) Vanadian-chromian tourmaline and vanadian muscovite in contact-metamorphosed carbonaceous rocks. Canadian Mineralogist, 31, 347-356.

King, R. J. (2000) Minerals explained 28: The tourmaline group (Part 1). Geology Today, 35-37.

King, R. J. (2000) Minerals explained 29: The tourmaline group (Part 2). Geology Today, 76-79.

King, R. W. and Kerrich, R. (1989) Chromian dravite associated with ultramafic-rock-hosted Archean lode gold deposits, Timmins-Porcupine District, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist, 27, 419-426.

Kornetova, V. A. (1975) On the classification of tourmaline group minerals. Zap. Vses. Min. Obsh., 104, 332-336.

Kornetova, V. A. (1984) Zum Frage der Klassifikation der Turmalingruppe. Translated title: Classification of tourmaline. International Geological Congress. 27. (5). p.85-86 (German)

Kunitz, W. (1929) Die Mischungsreihen in der Turmalingruppe und die genetischen Beziehungen zwischen Turmalinen und Glimmern. Chemie der Erde, 4, 208-251.

Kunz, G. F. (1902) The composition of tourmaline. Engineering and Mining Journal, 73, 482.

Kunz, G. F. (1913) The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.

Kuroda, P. K. and Sandell, F. B. (1953) Chlorine in igneous rocks (some aspects of the geochemistry of chlorine). Geological Society of America Bulletin, 64, 879-896.

Lebedev, V.1. (1945) Chemical formulae of tourmaline, axinite, and dumortierite. Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences de l'URSS. 47, 635-639.

Lowell, Gary R. and Vierrether, Christopher B. (1989) Chemical and optical zoning in tourmaline from northeastern Para, Brazil. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 21. (6). p. A43

Lum, T. Y. (1972) Geochemistry of the chromium tourmaline from Kaavi, Finland. Malaysia Geological Survey Annual Report (1970). pp.157-168.

MacDonald, D. J., Hawthorne, F. J. and Grice, J. D. (1993) Foitite, ¨ [Fe²+₂(A1, Fe³⁺)]Al₆Si₆O₁₈(BO₃)₃(OH)₄, a new alkali-deficient tourmaline: description and crystal structure. American Mineralogist, 78, 1299-1303.

MacDonald, D. J. and Hawthorne, F. J. (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si = Al substitution in tourmaline. Canadian Mineralogist, 33, 849-858.

Mason, B., Donnay, G. and Hardie, L. A. (1964) Ferric tourmaline from Mexico. Science, 144, 71-73.

McCracken, C. M. C. and Hawthrone, F. C. (1999) Site occupancy of Cr³⁺ in tourmaline. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 31, A357.

Melchiorre, G., Scandale, F. and Lucchesi, S. (1994) Growth history and crystal chemistry of members of the elbaite-tsilaisite series. International Mineralogical Association, 16th General Meeting, 273-274.

Mian, I. (1970) Chromium-bearing minerals of Northwest Frontier Province. Peshawar University Geological Bulletin. 5, 131-134.

Mian, L. (1972) The chromium-bearing minerals of the North West Frontier Province. Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar, 5, 131-134.

Mittwede, S. K. (1984) Significance of tourmaline compositions from the inner Piedmont geologic belt of South Carolina. Southeastern Geol. 24, 207-210.

Mukherjee, S. (1968) Investigations on the chrome tourmaline from Nosan, Keonjhar District, Orissa. Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 40, 119-121.

Nemec, D. (1969) Fluorine in tourmalines. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 20, 235-243.

Nemec, D. (1973) Tin in tourmaline Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Monatschefte, 2, 58-63.

Reznitsky, L. Z., Sklyarov, E. V., Ushchapovskaya, Z. V., Nartova, N. V., Kashaev, A. A., Karmanov, N. S., Kanakin, S. V., Smolin, A. S. and Nekrosova, E. A. (2001) Vanadiumdravite, NaMg₃V₆[Si₆O₁₈][BO₃]₃(OH)₄, and new mineral of the tourmaline group. Zap. Vseross. Mineral., Obshch. 130, 59-72. [abstracted in American Mineralogist (2002) 87, 1512].

Nuber, B. and Schmetzer, K. (1979) The lattice position of Cr³⁺ in tourmaline: Structural refinement of a chromium-rich Mg-Al-tourmaline. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 1979, 184-197.

Novak, M. and Taylor, M. C. (2000) Foitite: formation during late stages of evolution of complex granitic pegmatites at Dobra Voda, Czech Republic, and Pala, California, U.S.A. Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 1399-1408.

Okulov, F. N. (1973) Zinc-containing tourmaline in a pegmatite deposit in Central Asia. Uzbekskiy Geologichesky Zhurnal. 17, 86-88. (Russian)

Ontoev, D. O. (1956) Composition of some ore-forming tourmalines. Akademiia Nauk SSSR Institut Geologii Ruknyskh Mestorozhdenii, Petrografli, Mineralogii i Geokhimii. Trudy. 3, 340-346. (Russian)

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Darrell Henry is the Campanile Charities Professor of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University whose research specialty is metamorphic petrology. Further details of his professional background are included in an accompanying vita or faculty profile.

To contact Darrell Henry call (225)-578-2693, fax (225)-578-2302 or e-mail dhenry@geol.lsu.edu . Address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

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