Lecture 1

We will apply principles learned from each portion of the course as we proceed......

Lab exercises put these principles to use where we descibe and identify hand specimens

* We are all familiar with minerals

We are all familiar with Minerals
diamond in matrix	Gems

Beaches	White, Black, Green, Pink
Household items	Wiring
Mud after a rainstorm	"Gumbo"

HISTORY of MINERALOGY

Began with mineral's Uses	Minerals and rock were selected and used for certain purposes long before humans even devised a written language.
	The prehistory of humanity is dated by the materials with which our predecessors made their tools.
	One of our first scientific acts was to distinguish between different rocks and minerals and use them as tools according to their properties.
*"Stone and the Stone Age"*
	Our early ancestors were vegetarians, when their ancestors became omnivorous, the use of tools was essential.
	Realized suitibility of certain materials, e.g. obsidian and flint became widely used.
	Fire was started by striking pyrite with flint. Naturally-occurring poisons such as arsenic were known and used.
	Toward the end of the Neolithic, ca. 40 different rocks and minerals were in use.
*"Metals and the Bronze Age"*
	Naturally occurring native metals were greatly sought after by Stone age humanity for their curiosity and ornamental value rather than for tool making.
	Discovered that heating metals greatly promotes the ease with which they can be worked and extracted. e.g. the origin of the discovery of bronze; early bronze was a mixture of Cu and As.
	Metals have been used for at least 4000 yrs; prehistoric man was also known to mine and smelt metallic minerals to produce Au, Ag, Fe, Cu, Pb and bronze. e.g. Hg was in use in Egypt as early as the 15th-16th C BC and the old Testament of the Bible refers to the use of Au, Ag, Cu, Sn, Pb and Fe.
*"Iron Age"*
	About 1400 B.C.
	Fe is hard, durable and abundant
	Throughout the Stone, Bronze and Iron ages, humanity also began to use an increasing number of minerals unrelated to the manufacture of tools.
*ART*	Fascination with ART seems an intrinsic property of the human psyche. Cave art is our earliest record.
	Colored pigments became common; red and black pigments (hematite and pyrolusite, Mn oxides) were used for cave painting for over 5000 yrs.
	Other minerals (jade, amethyst, garnet) were used for ornamentation or the diverse hard minerals and rocks used for tools and weapons (jade, flint, obsidian).

* First written work on minerals is by Greek philosopher Theophrastus
(372-287 B.C.) and Pliny 300 yrs later.

* Emergence of mineralogy as a science is credited to German physican
Georgius Agricola with the publication De Re Metallica in 1556.

    * 1669 Steno and his law.
            Interfacial angles of quartz xls are constant, no
            matter what the size and shape of the crystal is.
            This discovery lead to the science of crystallography.
            He was beatified in 1988 by the pope

        -early 19th century, rapid advances with the
                development of instruments which could measure
                precisely angles between xl faces.

- 1854 Dana introduced the chemical classification used today.
e.g. bk. After J.D. Dana...

* Now rapid advances in instrumentation and techniques for measuring and imaging
exact positions of atoms in a crystal.
Linus Pauling, the Nature of the Chemical Bond

1. CRYSTALLINE - characteristic of a mineral; long range 3D internal structural order

- external form is function of growth environment and may not reflect internal order.

We use term in broader sense to indicate ordered 3D structure.

Staurolite, Urals, Russia

(d) microcrystalline = xls observable with microscope

Tiger's Eye, Australia (SiO2 replaced Amphibole)

5. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY - study of crystalline materials (Steno),
crystal symmetry, orientation of atoms in xl.

To understand what these materials are, that are an integral portion of our life:	As citizen's of the Earth, and as students of geology.
To provide a solid foundation in conceptual aspects of mineralogy:	What minerals are, how they form, how they are analyzed and described, how they behave as a function of P-T-X, how they are classified, identified, and utilized.
To understand their utility in the study of our Earth:	Because these materials are the products of complex Earth and Planetary processses that occur over a wide range of temperatures and pressures, minerals can tell us conditions of formation and subsequent evolution of the continents and ocean basins. Pallasite meteorite, photo courtsey of the Smithsonian Institution
To provide linkages to other areas of geology:	petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, structural geology, meteoritics, environmental geology, geomicrobiology, economic geology Hawthorne, 1993 Recent and fossilized pinecones
To connect with other fields of study:	inorganic chemistry, material science, gemology, soil science, biology, nanoscience, art, archeology Uxelite, a mineral that behaves as a fiber optic
To understand their central role in our standard of living,
Have fun learning how the Earth works!

Basic units from which rocks and everything else in the Earth are comprised Metamorphic rocks, Campolungo, Switzerland
Minerals as Key Components to Geologists
Rocks are classified based on their Mineralogy granites = plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz marbles = calcite dunite = 90%+ olivine basalt = plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene eclogite = garnet + pyroxene
	Eclogite, Switzerland
Minerals provide clues/answers to a rock's formation	Different minerals form in different geologic environments. they may tell of pressure, temperature conditions, fluid or melt composition, oxygen fugacity, etc.

Essential to our standard of living	- from our ancestors (fire, arrowheads) to today's superconductors we depend on terrestrial raw materials for everything that makes our life above subsistence level
	e.g. metals (Cu, Au, Ag), diamonds, or store important reserves: oil, gas Native Copper in Veins - AZ
Each year, every American requires 40,000 lbs of new minerals!	Can the world sustain this rate of consumption?
	Massive Sulfides, Czech Republic
They provide solutions to environmental problems	e.g. Absorbants - Zeolites, Clay minerals (kitty liter) - Retard migration of toxic chemicals
They cause some environmental problems	acid mine drainage, asbestos, erionite

Naturally occurring	formed by natural processes synthetic = lab made
Solid	excludes liquids and gases
Crystalline	highly ordered atomic arrangement, an internal structural framework of atoms (ions) arranged in a regular, repeating, geometric pattern (periodic) solids that lack an ordered atomic arrangement are amorphous
definite chemical composition	definite but not fixed, within limits (or range) of compositions and can be expressed as a chemical formula: e.g. FeS
formed by inorganic processes, usually	it is increasingly recognized that minerals may be produced organically e.g. magnetite in bird brains, aragonite in shells = biomineralization
plagioclase feldspar, labradorite, Madagascar	There are ~ 4200 known mineral species. About 100 are common (we will learn these) a few dozen are considered abundant. This is minor compared to the biological world; there are more than 10,000 species of inchworms alone!
Mineraloids	mineral-like but lack all the qualifications (opals)
Naming of minerals	after properties, place, people

Minerals		Not minerals

quartz - SiO2		opal
ice		CO2
snow		granite
biotite		volcanic glass
diamond		oil
serpentine		amber

	Minerals: We walk on them, we wear them, we wash our clothes with them, we may even brush our teeth with them. They bring electricity into our lives and provide the building materials for our homes and schools. Without minerals, we would not have an Earth!
Banded Iron Formation - Australia

	Mineralogy, or Mineral Science, is the study of minerals. This encompasses: - crystallography (where we'll start) - how chemical elements make minerals - crystal chemistry - relates chemical composition, internal structure, and - physical properties - identification - classification - geologic occurrence - how and where they form
Staurolite, Russia

solid
cohesive
Aggregrate of grains
made of one or more minerals
Granite Slab - Sardinia
	The study of rocks is PETROLOGY.
	Epidote and Quartz, Madagascar

Rock		Not a rock

quartzite		quartz

granite		sand, soil