Instructor:  Dr. Barb Dutrow, Professor
    Room 203 Howe-Russell Building  (Old Geology = West)
Office hours: By appointment M-F
E-mail: dutrow@lsu.edu
             Note: e-mail is answered within 24 hrs; from 9am - 6 pm M - F

TA: Xiao Tan
       Room E340a Howe-Russel Building
       Office Hours: 10:30 - noon T, Th and by appointment

Required Text:   Reading materials for the course are assembled into a packet from the Mineralogical Society of America.
           Refer to Dr. Dutrow's email for specific instructions.

            Reading assignments should be completed prior to class.

Recommended Text: Klein & Dutrow, 2007, Manual of Mineral Science, 23rd Edition         

Evaluation:  Knowledge of materials, Critical thinking and analysis of material is an integral portion of this class.
 In class participation, preparation for discussion materials, assignments, and presentations contribute to the overall grading.
Class evaluation is based on two tests (20% midterm and 20% final exam), two projects (10% energy forum,  20% analytical project),
20% assigned class presentations (oral and written)  including environmental reports from the media, 10% class participation/quizzes. 
Grading follows university rules for +/- for each letter grade: A+ = 97-100 A = 94-96 A- = 93-90.

Note: Texting and use of cellular devices is not permitted during class unless explicitly authorized by Prof. Dutrow

            Class absences should be reported PRIOR to class.

Course Learning OBJECTIVES:
This course is designed to enhance critical thinking and content knowledge including:

• Understanding the importance of minerals, fluids, and geology to society and to public policy in the US,
  
• critically evaluating articles written concerning 'environmental and energy science'
• Developing an understanding of the systems approach when dealing with societally relevant issues
• understanding multiple energy technologies and resources, their pros and cons
  
• and developing attributes of life-long learning and critical thinking!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FUNDING

The use of the analytical instruments within the Department of Geology & Geophysics (Optical CL Microscope; Bruker S2 PUMA XRF; Keyence VHX-7100
Automated Digital Microscope) and the Shared Instrumentation Facility (JEOL JXA-8230 EPMA) is supported by a generous gift from Chevron.

January

Date	Topic	Assignments, Reading Prior to Class
17	Introduction Class overview: expectations, course-embedded assignments, presentations, critical thinking projects LSU library informational resources Earth Materials review, mineralogy, petrology, fluids Fossil fuel energy, the carbon cycle, and  global warming	Review Mineralogy - Paulings Rules (solid solution, coordination number, mineral structures, chemistry); KD chpt 4. Fluids - geochemistry resource: Elements 2020 p. 375-380. Hydrothermal fluids
20 (Friday)	G&G Seminar: Lessons learned from global CO2 storage projects	3:30 pm, E130 HRK
24	The landscape of reporting Energy and Environmental Science     bring article from media; discussion Sustainability - what it is? How large is the ecosystem? ESG Solutions to mitigate CO2 - carbon emissions	Reading: Wildavsky, A. in But is it True? Come prepared for discussion on how to read an environmental article, bring an article Elements, 2007, v. 3 Macfarlane, A."Energy: The Issue of the 21st   Century" p. 165-170 Schrag, D."Confronting the Climate - Energy Challenge". p. 171-178
31	Solutions to mitigate CO2 - carbon emissions Geologic carbon sequestration - options - mineral trapping, solution trapping, - CO2 phase diagram - then and now Mineral Surfaces;  Reactivity, porosity, permeability,  Overview of Energy Forum assignment, class presentations	Elements, 2007, v.3 Friedman, S.J., "Geologic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration" p. 179-184 Elements, 2008, v. 4 -Perspectives: v. 4 p 293-299 -Oeklers, E and Cole, D., Carbon Dioxide Sequestration: A solution to a global problem. p 305-310. -Rubin, E. CO2 Capture and transport. p.311-318 -Ocean storage - 319-324 -Benson, S. and Cole, D., CO2 sequestration in deep sedimentary basins. p. 325-332. -Oelkers et al. Mineral carbonation of CO2.  p333-337. Previous studies: NAS workshop reports: Carbon management; CO2 dilemma

February

3 (Friday) 4pm	Required Attendance: LSU G&G Centennial Energy Forum	Report due Feb. 14 (Assignment on Moodle)
7	Guest Lecturer - Dr. Matt Loocke Overview of analytical methods in the Geosciences for solid materials Tour: The Chevron Geomaterials Lab; facilities for imaging and chemistry of Earth Materials; Optical CL, microscopy, electron microprobe analyses	Reading to be assigned - SERC website - geochemical instrumentation overviews https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/browse.html#ebeam EMPA, XRF
14	Discussion/ Debate: Energy Forum Geologic Carbon Sequestration (cont), - serpentinites, rocks, - natural analogs (class presentations) Discussion/Debate: Pros, cons of carbon sequestration, LA options Risk Assessment:  What is it? What are the uncertainties associated with Risk Management	Elements, 2008, Perspectives: v. 4 p 293-299 Elements, 2013, v. 9 no 2 -Evans et al., Serpentinite: p. 99 – 106 -Power, et al., Serpentinite Carbonation, p. 115-121 RiMG 77 Geologic Carbon Sequestration -Natural Analogs, p. 15 – 71 -Natural Analogs for carbonation, p. 361 - 398
21	Think Green (and Gold and Purple)	Mardi Gras Holiday
28	Low Carbon Energy Sources - Renewable Energy and the Energy Transition: How green is green? Wind and Solar Energy - materials needed     REEs, perovskites	Elements 8;  2012, REEs - Chakhmouradian & Wall ,REEs, p. 333-340 - Hatch,Global Markets,  p. 341-346, -Chakhmouradian & Naldrett, REEs in Ig rocks,  p. 347 – 354 -Kumicky et al., REEs in China, 361-368 - Mariano, REE in US Trade War and REEs Review REE minerals, mineralogy, perovskites, analcime

March

7	Geologic settings of REEs;   Pegmatites, carbonatites, mineralogy and petrology Specific sources: Mountain Pass, CA ores, bastnasite, China, etc. Global markets, refining and the environment Mining in the US vs elsewhere: costs and consequences Lab:  REE bearing minerals	Elements 8, 2012, REEs -Chakhmouradian & Naldrett, REEs in Ig rocks,  p. 347 – 354 -Kumicky et al., REEs in China, 361-368 - Mariano, REE in US   Elements, 2021,  v 17, no 5, Carbonatites -Kamenetsky et al.,, Carbonatites, p. 302-314 -Anenburg et al., Formation of RE Deposits, p. 327-332 -Christy et al, Mineralogy of carbonatites, p. 333-338   IEA report 2021- 2022   Reading from the literature Aspects of Mining: Toxic Metals and surfaces, the US 1862 mining law
14	Spring Break	think Minerals
21	Project discussion: Overview of course-embedded analytical project      sample assignment      CL imaging, review of EMPA      Sign up for lab time Lab: Optical microscopy on your sample CL demonstration, thin section scanning	Review EMPA lecture, optical handouts Mineralogy of REE deposits
	Chemical analyses of your sample with EMP, assigned time	prepare by knowing likely minerals in your sample
28	Going Electric vehicles: Critical Materials needed for low carbon - batteries, Lithium Li minerals, sources, issues Lab: Analytical project - Determining mineral stoichiometry, mineralogy	IEA report 2021- 2022 Elements, 2020, v. 15, no 4, Lithium Bibenne, et al., Society’s dependence on Li, p. 265- 270 Grew, Li minerals, p. 235-240 Bowell, et al., Li Resources, p. 259-264 Elements 2018 , v.14, no 4, Andes Fontonte, Ore Deposits, p. 257 - 261 Elements, 2013, v. 9 no 2 Butt, et al., nicket Laterite Ore Deposits, p. 123-127
last two weeks	Analytical project - obtaining chemistry of rocks with REE-bearing minerals, focus on carbonatites ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FUNDING The use of the instruments within the Department of Geology & Geophysics (Optical CL Microscope; Bruker S2 PUMA XRF; Keyence VHX-7100 Automated Digital Microscope) and the Shared Instrumentation Facility (JEOL JXA-8230 EPMA) is supported by a generous gift from Chevron.	Schedule ~ 2 hrs time in EMP lab with Dutrow/Loocke

May

2	STUDENT Oral PRESENTATIONS of research project
11 (Th) 7:30 - 9:30 AM	FINAL EXAM	COMPREHENSIVE

Other links:  Learn more about the periodic table, minerals and gems

Other useful reading materials:

              But is it True? A Citizens Guide to Environmental Issues, A. Widavsky, 1995. Harvard Univ. Press
            
            
       Others for reference or an interesting read.   
            Silent Spring, Rachael Carson, 1962, Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston
                   (A classic, widely credited with starting the environmental movement;  bringing to light the consequences of chemicals in the environment- ecology).
             Environmental Mineralogy, 2000, Eds. David J. Vaughn and Roy A. Wogelius.
                             EMU Notes in Mineralogy 2.  Eotvos University Press, Budapest.
            An Inconvenient Truth. 2006. Al Gore.  Rodale Press.    

Class Policies:
            Attendance: Mandatory. If you are going to be absent, you must notify Prof. Dutrow ahead of time for an excused absence.
            Make up exams: Lecture exams will be 5 essay questions
            Makeup quizzes: None will be given.
            Cell Phones: No cell phone use is permitted during class. If you use your cell phone, you will be asked to leave class.
                 Class is a concentrated study time, if you are on your phone, you are distracted.